Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Psychoanalytic theory
A
-dev driven by biological maturation
-Freud
-ID, EGO (1yr, satisfy Id is socially acceptable ways), SUPEREGO (3-6yo, moral values not social acceptability)
-Erikson’s stages:
Trust vs Mistrust (1yo)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1-3.25 yo)
Initiative vs Guilt (4-6 yo)
Industry vs Inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity vs Role confusion (adolescence-early adult)
-too vague to test
2
Q
Watson
A
- learning theory
- treat kids like little adults
- Little Albert
- Treating phobias
- exclusive emphasis on conditioning is too simplistic
3
Q
BF Skinner
A
- learning theory
- behaviorism
- behavior modification therapy
- punishments/rewards
4
Q
Bandura
A
- observation, imitation
- Bobo doll
- vicarious reinforcement
- reciprocal reinforcement: child influences environment AND vice versa
- perceived self-efficacy (beliefs about control)
- learning theories ignore bio aspect
5
Q
Social cognition theories
A
- self socialization: children shape own social contexts
- Dodge: hostile attribution bias
- entity theory (intelligence is fixed) vs incremental theory (persistence)
- achievement motivations: learning goals vs performance goals
- entity theory and hostile attribution theory
6
Q
Ecological theories
A
- genetic abilities and predispositions
- behaviors adaptive, survival tool
- Konrad, imprinting (in humans, visual contact, orient to familiar things)
- sex difference: female preference for social stimuli, male for movement; newborn girls look at faces longer (vs objects)
- parental investment theory (sacrifice from parents for optimal child dev)
- Cinderella effect
- Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model
- difficult to test
7
Q
Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological model
A
- Microsystem: immediate environ
- Mesosystem: connections between microsystems
- Exosystem: environmental settings that are indirect
- Macrosystem: larger cultural context
- Chronosystem: historical changes that influence other systems
8
Q
Positive emotions
A
- first smiles are reflexive
- 3-4 months laugh
- 12+ months makes others laugh
9
Q
negative emotions
A
- fear of strangers 6 months-2years
- other fears 6-12 months
- angered or sad when control is taken away
- anger increases until 18 months, then declines
10
Q
self conscious emotions
A
- 15 to 24 months embarrassment about being center of attention
- 3 years pride increasingly tied to performance
11
Q
Emotional regulation
A
- inhibiting/modulating emotional function to accomplish goals (like emotion-related behavior, physiological processes, cognitions, states)
- younger children use behavior strategies (distract self)
- older children use cognitive strategies
- increasingly relying on language, etc
12
Q
Kagan’s assessment of temperament
A
-fearfulness, irritability, attention span, activity level, positive affect/approach
13
Q
temperament and adjustment
A
goodness of fit (depends on demands and expectations of society) and differential susceptibility (children with reactive temperaments need differently supportive parents
14
Q
social referencing
A
- 8-12 months
- using parents facial, gestural, or vocal cues to decide how to deal with novel, ambiguous, or possibly threatening situations
15
Q
display rules
A
social group’s norms about where, when, and how much one can show emotions
varies by culture and gender for acceptability
16
Q
Bowlby
A
- 1930s orphans WW2
- adequate healthcare and nutrition but little social interaction/affection
- attachment theory: bio predisposed to dev attachment to caregiver for survival
- secure base: in order to explore environment
- preattachment (birth to 6 weeks): signals to bring others to side
- attachment in the making (6 weeks to 8 months): prefer fam people
- clear cut attachment (6 months for 1.5 years): seek contact with reg caregiver, distress when departs
- reciprocal relationships (1.5yo +) active role in dev relationship
- preattachment (birth to 6 weeks): signals to bring others to side
17
Q
René Spitz
A
moved to US to work with orphans
first to use video to study children
1/3 orphan infants die within first 2 years, importance of attachment/nurture
18
Q
Strange situation
A
- Secure attachment: upset when caregiver leaves, happy when back; secure base for exploration
- Insecure/avoidant: indifferent, easily comforted by stranger
- Insecure/resistant: clingy, upset when caregiver leaves, not easily comforted by stranger, when caregiver returns seeks comfort/resists simultaneously
19
Q
Parent recall of attachment security
A
- Autonomous: coherent, consistent, relative description
- dismissing: lack memory, minimize importance
- preoccupied: give confused/angry accounts of attachment related experiences
20
Q
Sense of self
A
- early infants delighted when they can move mobile, manipulate environment
- 18-20 months, recognize in mirror
- 2.5 years, recognize in own photograph
- 3 years: recognize in videos
- 3-4, sense of self is physical
- elementary school: social comparison
- adolescence: abstract characteristics, multiple selves
21
Q
adolescences
A
egocentrism:
- personal fable (uniqueness of feelings, no one understands me)
- imaginary audience (belief everyone else is focused on self)
22
Q
Erikson identity vs identity confusion crisis
A
- identity confusion: incomplete sense of self->isolation, depression
- identity forclosure: prematurely commit to identity
- negative identity: represents opp of what society values
23
Q
importance of psychosocial moratorium
A
adolescent not yet expected to take on adult roles, pursue activities that lead to self discovery
24
Q
James Marcia’s Theory
A
- based on erik erikson
1. identity diffusion: no firm commitments, no progress toward
2. forclosure: not engaged in identity experimentation, identity based on values of others
3. moratorium: experimentation of occupational and ideological choices
4. identity-achievement: completed period of exploration, identity formed (gradual)
25
Instrumental aggression
in preschoolers, arguments over desired items
| with growth of language, rely more on verbal aggression
26
relational aggression
socially hurting someone, in elementary school +
27
covert aggression
stealing, lying
| common in elementary school years
28
Conscience
1. desire to comply
2. feelings of guilt or shame when failing to comply
- 2 year olds appreciate rules/feel guilt
- individual conscience 2-4 years old
29
Types of parenting in response to toddler personalities
if fearful, should use gentle, cite reasoning (why don't you __ because __)
if less fearful, be more assertive (do __ or else __)
30
Developmental progression of prosocial behavior
- 1 year: cannot differentiate self from others' distress
- 1.5-2 years: attempt to comfort others
- 2-3 years: increase in freq of comforting others, but not regular
- preschool to adolescence: prosocial behaviors increase
31
Piaget: Moral Judgment and Reasoning
1. morality of constraint (0-7yo): rules are real, fixed, consequence of action determines if it is a good or bad choice
2. transitional period (7-10 yo): increasing empathy from more playing with other children
3. autonomous morality (11yo +): rules can be changed if group agrees, moral relativism
32
Kohlberg
- hypothetical dilemmas such as druggist who steals
1. preconventional:
- self centered, punishment and obedience (authorities), instrumental exchange (own benefit)
2. conventional:
- social relationships, social role ("good boy"), duties to follow laws
3. post conventional
- moral principles, laws are social contracts and should be changed for best interest of group
- universal ethical principles: values/rights universal, regardless of majority opinion
