Final Exam Flashcards
Fallacy of Composition
Assuming that what was true for the part is automatically true for the whole
Common cause fallacy
Assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor is really the cause of both
Post how fallacy
Assuming that because on event occurred before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second
Non sequitur fallacy
A claim that in its face, is unrelated to the supporting material
Circular argument fallacy
Only restating the claim in slightly different words, rather than supporting the claim
Ignoring the question fallacy
Making an inference that diverts attention from the issue at hand (red herring)
Equivocal language fallacy
The potential for language to have multiple meanings. The clarity of language may affect the quality of an inference
Confusing probability with certainty fallacy
Speakers may regard as certain what is really only probable
Inappropriate emotional response fallacy
An appropriate emotional response is sometimes more important than the details of the inference
I in cannons
Invention: discovering what can be said about a topic and finding arguments that makes the topic understandable (ways to persuade the audience)
A in cannons
Arrangement: structure of argument (intro, body, conclusion)
S in cannons
Style: how the speaker chooses words they use (use of language)
D in cannons
Delivery: effective use of voice, gesture, etc
M in cannons
Memory: how familiar the speaker is with the topic
Syllogism
Plato and Socrates:
Consists of major premise, minor premise, and conclusion
Enthymeme/ broken syllogism
Aristotle:
Rhetorical syllogism. Leaves out one component of syllogism and audience fills in the hole.
Mazlow’s hierarchy of needs
- Self-actualization, creativity, etc
- Self esteem, confidence, respect for others
- Love/ relationships
- Safety
- Physical needs
Trope:
Turn in language, figure of speech, or ornament
Four Master Tropes:
Metaphor
Metonymy
Synecdoche
Irony
Metaphor:
A figure of speech in which a name o descriptive word or phrase is transferred to an object or action different from, but analogous to that to which it is literally applicable
Metonymy:
Word or concept that is not called by its own name, but by an intimately related concept
Ex: teacher= Jason Meyers
Synecdoche:
Part for the whole or whole for the part
Ex: head count/ hires hands
Irony:
A figure of speech in which the intended meaning is the opposite of that expressed by the words used; usually taking the form of sarcasm or ridicule in which laudatory expressions are used to imply condemnation or contempt
Toulmin Model Big 3
In-between syllogism and enthymeme.
Claim: thesis and/or conclusion
Data: supporting material (minor)
Warrant: reasoning (major)
Toulmin Model other 3
Backing: why is data good
Qualifier: says what causes your claim
Rebuttal: getting ahead of opposition
Bitzer 3 parts of rhetorical situation
Exigence: Imperfection marked by urgency
Audience: those capable of being influenced by a discourse (member of audience who is persuadable)
Constraints: made up of persons, events, objects, and relations which are part of the situation and have the power to constrain decision and action
Narrative world paradigm
- Narrative probability
2. Narrative Fidelity
Narrative probability:
Formal features of a story hat determine whether a story coheres or hangs together (free of contradictions)
Walter Fisher
Epideictic/ demonstrative
Speech of praise/ blame
Or
Ceremonial speech
Deliberative speech
Political speech
Forensic/ Judicial
Courtroom speech
Monroes Motivated sequence:
Attention Step (intro) Need Step (body) Satisfaction Step (body) Visualization Step (body) Action Step (could conclusion)
Narrative Fidelity
Truth qualities of the story, soundness of reasoning, whether the story rings true for the audience
Walter Fisher
