Final Exam Flashcards
Define what a personality theory is.
- A unique counseling/psychotherapy model that has been created with distinct views of how humans develop and function, think, feel and act.
Goals of Freud’s psychoanalysis
- To make the unconscious conscious
- To reconstruct the basic personality
- To assist clients in reliving earlier experiences and working through repressed conflicts
- To achieve intellectual and emotional awareness
Name and describe Freud’s techniques of therapy. - Interpretation
A. Interpretation
- The therapist points out, explains or even teaches the client the meaning of behaviours
- The therapist identifies, clarifies and translated the material
- The therapist must time it perfectly, or it may be rejected
- Only goes as deep as the client allows
Name and describe Freud’s techniques of therapy. - Free Association
B. Free association
- The clients are encouraged to say whatever comes to mind, regardless of how painful, silly, trivial, illogical or irrelevant it may be.
- During free associating the therapist’s task is to identify the repressed material that is locked in the unconscious
Name and describe Freud’s techniques of therapy - Dream analysis
C. Dream analysis
- It is believed that dreams may serve as a pathway to repressed material, but they also provide an understanding of a client’s current functioning.
Alderian concepts of lifestyle and basic mistakes
Lifestyle: an individual’s unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to the main tasks of life
Basic mistakes: rigid “directions” for a person’s behaviour which cannot bring the person happiness and belonging
The four phases of lifestyle
Phase 1: Establish the relationship
- The maintenance of a cooperative relationship is not only essential but also requires attention from the therapist.
Phase 2: Explore the individual’s psychological dynamics
- Include consideration of analysis of early recollections, family constellations and dreams
Phase 3: Encourage self understanding and insight
- As it relates to the goals of therapy
Phase 4: Reorientation and reeducation
- Take insights and find alternatives
The beliefs and philosophy of existential therapists
- Existential therapy is more a way of thinking than any particular style or preaching psychotherapy
- It is neither an independent nor separate school of therapy, nor is it a neatly defined model with specific techniques.
- This approach is grounded on assumption that we are free and therefore responsible for our choices and actions
- The existential approach rejects the deterministic view of human nature as set out by orthodox psychoanalysis and radical behaviourism
The goals of person centered therapy
- To provide a safe climate conducive to client’s self-exploration, so that they can recognize blocks to growth and can experience aspects of self that were formerly denied or distorted.
- Another goal is to enable the client to move towards openness, greater trust in self, willingness to be in process, and increase spontaneity and aliveness
- Also, to find meaning in life, to experience life fully, and to become more self-directed.
Qualities and relationship of the therapist in person centered therapy
Qualities of the therapist: - Genuineness - Warmth - Accurate empathy - Respect - Non-judgemental Communication of these attitudes to clients are stressed Clients use this genuine relationship with the therapist to help them transfer what they learn in other relationships
Goals of Gestalt therapy
- Move toward increased awareness of themselves
- Gradually assume ownership of their experiences (as opposed to making others responsible for what they are thinking, feeling and doing)
- Develop skills and acquire values that will allow them to satisfy their needs without violating the rights of others
- Become more aware of all their senses
- Learn to accept the responsibility for what they do, including accepting the consequences for their actions
- Be able to ask for and get help from others and be able to give to others
The goals of behaviour therapy
- To eliminate maladaptive behaviours and learn more effective behaviours
- To identify factors that influence behaviour and find out what can be done about problematic behaviour
- To encourage clients to take an active and collaborative role in clearly setting treatment goals and evaluating how well these goals are being met
Techniques of behaviour therapy
- Reinforcement
- Shaping
- Modeling
- Systematic Desensitization
- Relaxation methods
- Flooding
- Eye movements and desensitization reprocessing
- Cognitive restructuring
- Assertion and social skills training
- Self-management programs
- Behavioural rehearsal
- Coaching
- Mindfulness and acceptance methods
Techniques of behaviour therapy 2.0
- Diagnosis or assessment is done at the beginning of the therapy process to determine a treatment plan.
- Questions concentrate on “what”, “how”, and “when” (but not “why”)
- Contracts or homework assessment are generally used
Key figures in cognitive behaviour therapy
- Albert Ellis
- A. T. Beck
- Donald Meichenbaum
The techniques of cognitive behaviour therapy
- Engage in socratic dialogue
- Collaborative empiricism
- Debating irrational beliefs
- Carrying out homework assignments
- Gathering data on assumptions one has made
- Keeping a record of activities
- Forming alternative interpretations
- Learning new coping skills
- Changing one’s language and thinking patterns
- Role playing
- Imagery
- Confronting faulty beliefs
- Self-instructional training
- Stress inoculation training
The main concepts of reality therapy
- The basic focus is on what clients are doing and how to get them to evaluate whether their present actions are working for them
- People are mainly motivated to satisfy their needs, especially the need for significant relationships
- This approach rejects the medical model - clients should not be given a diagnosis unless they have brain abnormalities.
- The approach rejects the notion of transference, the unconscious, and dwelling on one’s past
WDEP?
W- Wants and Needs
D- Direction and Doing
E- Self- evaluation
P- Planning
Goals of Feminist therapy
- To bring about transformation both in the individual client and in society
- To assist clients in recognizing, claiming, and using their personal power to free themselves from the limitations of gender-role socialization
- To confront all forms of institutional policies that discriminate or oppress on any basis
Limitations of Feminist therapy
- A possible limitation is the potential for the therapist to impose a new set of values on clients, such as striving for equality, power in relationships, defining ones self, freedom to pursue a career outside the home, and a right to an education.
- This model has been criticized for its bias towards white, middle class, heterosexual women
- Therapists need to asses with their clients the price of making significant personal change, which may result in isolation from extended family as clients assume new roles and make life changes
- Therapists must keep in mind that clients are their own best experts, which values to live by
Goals and limitations of family systems theory
Goals:
- To help family members gain awareness of patterns that are not working well and to create new ways of interacting
Limitations:
- Limitations include problems in being able to involve all the family members in the therapy
- Some family members may be resistant to changing the system
- Therapists’ self-knowledge and willingness to work on their own family of origin
- It is essential that the therapist is well trained, receive quality supervision, and be competent in assessing and treating individuals in a family context
Techniques of family systems therapy
- Genograms
- Teaching
- Asking questions
- Joining the family
- Tracking sequences
- Issuing directives
- Use of countertransference
- Family mapping
- Reframing restructuring
- Enactments
- Setting boundaries
