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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Do you take into account Eccentric viewing position with VA exam?

A

NO! Do not assess them with eccentric viewing. Looking for central fixation.

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2
Q

what correction to use with VA

A

conventional like cl or spectacles but no lv devices.

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3
Q

VF blindness

A

20 degrees central limitation with Goldman III4e or -22 db mean deviation with automated.

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4
Q

Blind Defintion in US and Canada

A

20/200 or worse on normal or 20/125 or worse on logMAR or less than 20 degrees using goldman III4e stimulus.

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5
Q

WHO blind definition

A

20/400 or worse

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6
Q

Visual impairment in US and Canada

A

20/70 or worse. Peripheral vision loss in a sector or similar to glaucoma or RP.

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7
Q

Visual impairment defintion

A

a limitation in the vision

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8
Q

visual disablity

A

a limitation in abilities of the individual

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9
Q

visual handicap

A

a lack of personal and socioeconomic freedom.

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10
Q

Causes of blindness in adults

A

Cataracts (developing), ARMD (developed), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy.

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11
Q

Which problem causing blindness is growing the most rapidly

A

diabetic retinopathy.

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12
Q

How many of kids with vision impairments are multiply handicapped?

A

75%

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13
Q

Central Vision loss

A

Hereditary foveal conditions/ARMD, foveal hyperplasia. i.e. albinism, aniridia.

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14
Q

Peripheral vision loss

A

RP, glaucoma, CVA, TBIs.

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15
Q

Central and peripheral vision loss

A

ON problems, late stage dystrophies, , ROP, diabetic reg

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16
Q

Conditions resulting in photosensitivity

A

aniridia, albinism, achromtopsia, retinal dystrophies, corneal dystrophies/scaring, congenital glaucoma.

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17
Q

Conditions affecting color vision

A

achromtopsia, cone dystrophies, ON conditions.

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18
Q

Conditions affecting contrast

A

glaucoma, cataracts, retinal dystrophies, corneal dystrophies/scaring.

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19
Q

Conditions causing nystagmus

A

any condition affecting the foveal pathway early on.

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20
Q

Vision where you can get by with just an add

A

20/100 or better (child) and 20/50 or better (adult)

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21
Q

Vision where you need mag 2-5x

A

20/100-20/250 (child) 20/60-20/100 (adult)

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22
Q

Vision where you need low vision

A

20/300-20/800 (child) 20/100-20/400 (adult)

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23
Q

Vision where brail is best

A

20/1,000 (child) or 20/400 (adult)

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24
Q

Development of a child with vision loss

A

Still develop but more slowly.

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25
Q

What areas are affected in development of a child with vision loss

A

Fine and gross motor development, social and communication development, cognitive develop (lacking visual information for some concepts)

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26
Q

Age for walking independently for low vision child

A

18-24 months.

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27
Q

Fine motor development in visual impiared

A

Need extra encouragement to tactile to explore their environment. Vision leads tactile and tactile reinforces vision normal.

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28
Q

Language development of visually impiared

A

Develop language acquisition at the same rate but descriptive vocabulary lacks.

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29
Q

Hearing in visual impairment

A

Can be increasing in congenital blindness or early on but acquired vision impairment can decrease hearing as no visual cues.

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30
Q

Cognitive development of the visual impairement

A

Severely impaired can have difficulty with concepts such as colors, figure ground, objects in 3d space, size and shape char.

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31
Q

Who has the greatest challenge with literacy

A

Moderate VI. 20/100-20/400.

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32
Q

Bioptic Driving laws

A

Can drive in the daytime if vision 20/70-20/200.

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33
Q

New preferred locus in older

A

Have difficulty findings a new locus with conditions like ARMD. This is why normal magnifiers do not work as expected.

34
Q

Good outcome for LV

A

good cognitive development, self motivated, good image of self, 20/800 or better, longstanding, stable conditions, previous success with other LV devices.

35
Q

Refraction of LV

A

Use retinoscopy and trial frame (allows eccentric viewing)

36
Q

Retinoscopy of LV

A

scope on the axis of viewing if doing eccentric viewing.

37
Q

JND

A

20 feet denomitor/100

38
Q

Prescribing for near

A

Want 2x magnification above threshold.

39
Q

Contrast reserve

A

contrast of objects/contrast threshold

40
Q

what level of contrast reserve affects reading

41
Q

Bailey Lovie Chart

A

One chart at high contrast (90) and one chart at low contrast (10). Normal difference is two lines. Significant if 4.

42
Q

Bailey Lovie Chart

A

Same contrast but the size of the optotypes change.

43
Q

Pelli-Robison

A

Same size letters and contrast changes. Perform at twice the threshold acuity. i.e. if 20/100 threshold perform at 20/200.

44
Q

Functional deficient for contrast threshold

A

when 5% or greater

45
Q

Which contrast is better

A

Peli-robison good for LV. Bailey love good for cataracts or recent disease.

46
Q

Improving contrast with magnification

A

Often need much more magnification than predicted off of VAs

47
Q

How to help with binocular vision at near

A

Plus lens with BI.

48
Q

Stereopsis testing in lv

A

use a local test as global test is very rare.

49
Q

VF testing in LV

A

Goldman III4e or HVF 30-2 or 24-2.

50
Q

Arc perimeters

A

can be used to record the vf

51
Q

Tangent Screen and campimeter

A

Test response with 9mm target at 1m Test again at 18mm object at 2m. The field should respond by 2 times. If not it is non physiological and nonorganic.

52
Q

Macular testing in low vision

A

black on white best.

53
Q

Macular testing with psuedomacular

A

Fixate with this location.

54
Q

Position of PRL

A

To the right make it hard to saccade. The the left can make it hard to go to beginning of line.

55
Q

Increase difficulty of VAs

A
  1. Minimal detection 2. resolution 3. recognition 4. hyperacuity
56
Q

Levels of VA

A

NLP or total blindness, LP, LP with projection, hand motion, quantifiable VA.

57
Q

Do you take into account a patient’s eccentric viewing position

58
Q

Visual field definition of blindness when no Goldman available

A

Mean deviation of -22 db or worse.

59
Q

Hyperacuity

A

10x finer than resolution. 3-8 arc seconds. An improvement in hyperacidity vs resolution indicates that there is at least some macular function retained.

60
Q

What to code for first

A

Medical or pathological condtions

61
Q

What code to use regarding vision

A

H54.8 code for legal blindness before other vision impairment code.

62
Q

What are most LogMar Charts calibrated for

63
Q

Fein bloom Calibration

A

In feet. Can get very high VAs.

64
Q

FrACT Test

A

Must say the position of the landolt C. Can get up to very high VA. Similar to fienbloom

65
Q

BRVT

A

Goes from tumbling E to grating to black vs white. At 100 or 25 cm.

66
Q

Contrast for near charts standard

A

Should not be more than 15% of the background luminance. Correlates to 73.9% contrast.

67
Q

Background luminance for near charts

68
Q

what does improved performance on color contrast VA chart indiacte

A

Need for tinted lenses.

69
Q

VA Measured with Landolt C

A

Can be 20-25% better than recognition.

70
Q

Snellen

A

Denominator is the distance that the full letter subtends 5 arc minutes.

71
Q

Half JND

A

Sphere bracketing lens, cylinder test lens, Cross cylinder lens

72
Q

Full JND

A

Cyl bracketing lens

73
Q

sine waves

A

gradual change in brightness

74
Q

square wave

A

line waves. what is seen with a letter. 2.5 on the E.

75
Q

M notion

A

the distance in M that the target subtest 5 arc minutes.

76
Q

Preferred notion for near testing of low vision patients

77
Q

RIM

A

RSM, RDM, LIM

78
Q

afocal telescope

A

changes the angular subtense without changing the mergence.

79
Q

Focal lengths of magnifying devices

A

stated relative to the principal planes.

80
Q

Principal plane in plano convex lens

A

At the front of the surface

81
Q

Principal plane in equiconvex lens

A

In the midpoint of the lens.

Low Vision (4 decks)

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