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Physiology Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Heart

A

pump that provides pressure to blood to establish pressure gradients need for blood to flow to tissues

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2
Q

Blood vessels

A

Passageway through which blood is directed and distributed from hear to the rest of the body and return blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Blood

A

Used as transport medium

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

Capillaries are the sight of diffusion of molecules between blood and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

Are the resistance vessels

Smooth muscle makes variable resistance possible

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Are the exchange vessels

Capillaries are made up of endothelial cells only, and are very permeable

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7
Q

Veins

A

Are thin walled. Have many elastic fibers and are stretchable, they are therefore capacitance vessels (the site where most of the blood volume is found and where regional blood volume is regulated)

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8
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

The site where most of the blood volume is found and where regional blood volume is regulated

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9
Q

At rest

A

About 60% of your blood volume is in your systemic veins and only 18% is in arteries

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10
Q

Blood Pressure

A

(BP) force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood.
Expressed in mmHg
Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near the heart

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11
Q

The pressure gradient….

A

Provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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12
Q

Resistance

A

(Peripheral resistance)
Opposition to flow
Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
Generally encountered in the peripheral systemic circulation

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13
Q

Three important sources of resistance

A

Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

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14
Q

Resistance =

A

1/r^2

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15
Q

Flow=

A

1/resistance (or r^2)

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16
Q

Mean BP in Systemic Circulation

A 
100mmHg = aorta
90 = arteries
65 = areterioles
25 = capillaries
20 = venules
10 = veins
5 = vena cava
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17
Q

Most adult cardiac tissue is

A

Amitotic; most areas of cell death result in non-functional scar tissue

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18
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure

A

Systemic MAP is regulated by the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

Short-Term regulation of MAP

A

seconds to minutes

Occurs through neural pathways and targets heart, vessels, and adrenal medulla

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20
Q

Long-term regulation of MAP

A

Hours to days

Occurs through pathways that target the blood vessels and kidneys and their control of extracellular fluid volume

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21
Q

Stroke volume equation

And three main factors affecting

A

SV = EDV-ESV
Preload
After-load
Contractility

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22
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract (Frank-Starling law of the heart)

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23
Q

Preload

Cardiac muscles exhibits

A

A length-tension relationship

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24
Q

Preload

At rest,

A

Cardiac muscles are shorter than optimal length

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25
Preload | Increased venous return
Distended (stretches) the ventricles and increases contraction force
26
After load
Pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood
27
After load | Hypertension
Increases after load, resulting in increases ESV and reduced SV
28
Contractility
Contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscles stretch and EDV
29
Increased contractility
Positive inotropic agents Increased Ca2+ influx due to sympathetic stimulation Hormones (thyroxine, glucagon, and epinephrine)
30
Decreased contractility
Negative inotropic agents Acidosis Increased extracellular K+ Calcium channel blockers
31
Mechanoreceptors
Carotid sinus & aortic arch | Sensory nerve fibers (cells bodies in ganglia near BS) that project into the medulla
32
Stretching of vessel
Causes vasodilation and decreased HR | Stretch produces inward current that depolarizers the receptor generating receptor potential
33
Carotid sinus
In some individuals is unusually sensitive
34
Two classes of humoral controls
Influence the circulation: Vasoactive substances that affect vasomotor tone of vessels affecting BP and blood flow Nonvasoactive substances that act on non-CV targets to control extracellular fluid volume
35
Hormonal Controls
also influence MAP (draw diagram)
36
Solubility of O2 and CO2
In aqueous fluids is low | Diffusion of these gasses is therefore low - animals use respiratory pigments
37
Metalloproteins
(Respiratory pigments) Proteins that contain metal ions which reversible bind to oxygen Increase oxygen carrying capacity 50x
38
Three major types of respiratory pigments
hemoglobin Hemocyanins (arthropods & mollusks) Hemerythrins (some invertebrates)
39
Convection
Movement of molecules in fluid. | Can produce a steeper gradient across the diffusion barrier
40
In mammals
The bulk phase is the atmosphere and the external convective system is an air pump that includes
41
Air pump that includes
Chest wall Respiratory muscles Passages through which air flows (nose to alveoli)
42
External convection system
Maximizes gas exchange by continuously supplying the bulk-phase water or air to the external surface of gas exchange barrier (maintains high external PO2 and low external PCO2)
43
The concentration of dissolved O2 in the blood obey's Henry's Law
Gas molecules in the air must first dissolve in liquid in order to diffuse into a cell
44
The concentration of gas
In a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility
45
Henry's Law
Concentration of G = Pgas x Sgas
46
Hemoglobin
``` Adult = tetramer Monomer = heme & globin ```
47
Heme
Porphyria compound coordinate to a single iron atom
48
Globin
Polypeptide, alpha or beta chain | Stoichiometrically alpha heme2, beta heme2
49
The complete Hb
Molecule can bind up to 4 O2 molecules (one for each atom)
50
O2 binding of Fe2+
The Fe2+ moves down into the plane of the porphyrin ring
51
When enough O2 molecules bind
Enough energy is built up and all 4 subunits of the Hb simultaneously snap into the relaxed (R) state - whether bound or not
52
O2 affinity
In R state is ~150x > than in the T state
53
when PO2 = 0
Hb molecules are in T state and have low O2 affinity
54
When PO2 is very high
All the Hb molecules are in the R state and have high O2 affinity
55
Intermediate PO2 values
Results in equilibrium between Hb molecules in the T and R states
56
What decreases the O2 affinity of Hb?
High temperature High PCO2 Low pH (Right shift of curve)
57
Temperature affecting oxygen affinity
increase temps = decreased affinity Higher Pressure of oxygen with Hb saturation % = 50 Promotes oxygen unloading to warm muscles during exercise
58
pH and PCO2 alter Oxygen Affinity
Increased extracellular PCO2 causes CO2 to enter RBC, which leads to a decrease in intracellular pH (carbonic acid production)
59
Respiratory acidosis
Shifts the curve to the right Hb is a buffer, sensitive to changes in pH Raise in [Hb/H+]:[Hb] changes the conformation of Hb, lowering O2 affinity
60
pH and CO2 also
Facilitate oxygen transport to active tissues and facilitate oxygen binding at the respiratory surfaces
61
2,3 DPG
2,3-dipohosphoglycerate
62
RBCs and high [DPG]?
RBCs are producing energy via glycolysis and producing DPG as a result
63
CO2 transported in three ways
In plasma (5%), more soluble than O2 in body fluids Binds to protein (20%) Transported as bicarbonate (75%)
64
The glomerular filtration barrier
Carries a net negative charge that restricts movement of anions but enhances movement of cations.
65
Insulin
MW = 5,200 Da Effective Molecular Radius = 1.48nm Filtrate = 0.98 UFx/Px
66
Nephrotoxic serum nephritis
The negative charge on the glomerular filtration barrier is gone, allowing for easier diffusion of anions.

Physiology Final (1 decks)

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