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Physiology Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

pump that provides pressure to blood to establish pressure gradients need for blood to flow to tissues

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2
Q

Blood vessels

A

Passageway through which blood is directed and distributed from hear to the rest of the body and return blood back to the heart

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3
Q

Blood

A

Used as transport medium

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

Capillaries are the sight of diffusion of molecules between blood and interstitial fluid

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

Are the resistance vessels

Smooth muscle makes variable resistance possible

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6
Q

Capillaries

A

Are the exchange vessels

Capillaries are made up of endothelial cells only, and are very permeable

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7
Q

Veins

A

Are thin walled. Have many elastic fibers and are stretchable, they are therefore capacitance vessels (the site where most of the blood volume is found and where regional blood volume is regulated)

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8
Q

Capacitance vessels

A

The site where most of the blood volume is found and where regional blood volume is regulated

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9
Q

At rest

A

About 60% of your blood volume is in your systemic veins and only 18% is in arteries

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10
Q

Blood Pressure

A

(BP) force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood.
Expressed in mmHg
Measured as systemic arterial BP in large arteries near the heart

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11
Q

The pressure gradient….

A

Provides the driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas

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12
Q

Resistance

A

(Peripheral resistance)
Opposition to flow
Measure of the amount of friction blood encounters
Generally encountered in the peripheral systemic circulation

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13
Q

Three important sources of resistance

A

Blood viscosity
Total blood vessel length
Blood vessel diameter

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14
Q

Resistance =

A

1/r^2

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15
Q

Flow=

A

1/resistance (or r^2)

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16
Q

Mean BP in Systemic Circulation

A 
100mmHg = aorta
90 = arteries
65 = areterioles
25 = capillaries
20 = venules
10 = veins
5 = vena cava
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17
Q

Most adult cardiac tissue is

A

Amitotic; most areas of cell death result in non-functional scar tissue

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18
Q

Mean arterial blood pressure

A

Systemic MAP is regulated by the cardiovascular system

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19
Q

Short-Term regulation of MAP

A

seconds to minutes

Occurs through neural pathways and targets heart, vessels, and adrenal medulla

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20
Q

Long-term regulation of MAP

A

Hours to days

Occurs through pathways that target the blood vessels and kidneys and their control of extracellular fluid volume

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21
Q

Stroke volume equation

And three main factors affecting

A

SV = EDV-ESV
Preload
After-load
Contractility

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22
Q

Preload

A

Degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract (Frank-Starling law of the heart)

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23
Q

Preload

Cardiac muscles exhibits

A

A length-tension relationship

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24
Q

Preload

At rest,

A

Cardiac muscles are shorter than optimal length

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25
Q

Preload

Increased venous return

A

Distended (stretches) the ventricles and increases contraction force

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26
Q

After load

A

Pressure that must be overcome for ventricles to eject blood

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27
Q

After load

Hypertension

A

Increases after load, resulting in increases ESV and reduced SV

28
Q

Contractility

A

Contractile strength at a given muscle length, independent of muscles stretch and EDV

29
Q

Increased contractility

A

Positive inotropic agents
Increased Ca2+ influx due to sympathetic stimulation
Hormones (thyroxine, glucagon, and epinephrine)

30
Q

Decreased contractility

A

Negative inotropic agents
Acidosis
Increased extracellular K+
Calcium channel blockers

31
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Carotid sinus & aortic arch

Sensory nerve fibers (cells bodies in ganglia near BS) that project into the medulla

32
Q

Stretching of vessel

A

Causes vasodilation and decreased HR

Stretch produces inward current that depolarizers the receptor generating receptor potential

33
Q

Carotid sinus

A

In some individuals is unusually sensitive

34
Q

Two classes of humoral controls

A

Influence the circulation:
Vasoactive substances that affect vasomotor tone of vessels affecting BP and blood flow
Nonvasoactive substances that act on non-CV targets to control extracellular fluid volume

35
Q

Hormonal Controls

A

also influence MAP (draw diagram)

36
Q

Solubility of O2 and CO2

A

In aqueous fluids is low

Diffusion of these gasses is therefore low - animals use respiratory pigments

37
Q

Metalloproteins

A

(Respiratory pigments)
Proteins that contain metal ions which reversible bind to oxygen
Increase oxygen carrying capacity 50x

38
Q

Three major types of respiratory pigments

A

hemoglobin
Hemocyanins (arthropods & mollusks)
Hemerythrins (some invertebrates)

39
Q

Convection

A

Movement of molecules in fluid.

Can produce a steeper gradient across the diffusion barrier

40
Q

In mammals

A

The bulk phase is the atmosphere and the external convective system is an air pump that includes

41
Q

Air pump that includes

A

Chest wall
Respiratory muscles
Passages through which air flows (nose to alveoli)

42
Q

External convection system

A

Maximizes gas exchange by continuously supplying the bulk-phase water or air to the external surface of gas exchange barrier (maintains high external PO2 and low external PCO2)

43
Q

The concentration of dissolved O2 in the blood obey’s Henry’s Law

A

Gas molecules in the air must first dissolve in liquid in order to diffuse into a cell

44
Q

The concentration of gas

A

In a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure and solubility

45
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Concentration of G = Pgas x Sgas

46
Q

Hemoglobin

A 
Adult  = tetramer
Monomer = heme & globin
47
Q

Heme

A

Porphyria compound coordinate to a single iron atom

48
Q

Globin

A

Polypeptide, alpha or beta chain

Stoichiometrically alpha heme2, beta heme2

49
Q

The complete Hb

A

Molecule can bind up to 4 O2 molecules (one for each atom)

50
Q

O2 binding of Fe2+

A

The Fe2+ moves down into the plane of the porphyrin ring

51
Q

When enough O2 molecules bind

A

Enough energy is built up and all 4 subunits of the Hb simultaneously snap into the relaxed (R) state - whether bound or not

52
Q

O2 affinity

A

In R state is ~150x > than in the T state

53
Q

when PO2 = 0

A

Hb molecules are in T state and have low O2 affinity

54
Q

When PO2 is very high

A

All the Hb molecules are in the R state and have high O2 affinity

55
Q

Intermediate PO2 values

A

Results in equilibrium between Hb molecules in the T and R states

56
Q

What decreases the O2 affinity of Hb?

A

High temperature
High PCO2
Low pH
(Right shift of curve)

57
Q

Temperature affecting oxygen affinity

A

increase temps = decreased affinity
Higher Pressure of oxygen with Hb saturation % = 50
Promotes oxygen unloading to warm muscles during exercise

58
Q

pH and PCO2 alter Oxygen Affinity

A

Increased extracellular PCO2 causes CO2 to enter RBC, which leads to a decrease in intracellular pH (carbonic acid production)

59
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Shifts the curve to the right
Hb is a buffer, sensitive to changes in pH
Raise in [Hb/H+]:[Hb] changes the conformation of Hb, lowering O2 affinity

60
Q

pH and CO2 also

A

Facilitate oxygen transport to active tissues and facilitate oxygen binding at the respiratory surfaces

61
Q

2,3 DPG

A

2,3-dipohosphoglycerate

62
Q

RBCs and high [DPG]?

A

RBCs are producing energy via glycolysis and producing DPG as a result

63
Q

CO2 transported in three ways

A

In plasma (5%), more soluble than O2 in body fluids
Binds to protein (20%)
Transported as bicarbonate (75%)

64
Q

The glomerular filtration barrier

A

Carries a net negative charge that restricts movement of anions but enhances movement of cations.

65
Q

Insulin

A

MW = 5,200 Da
Effective Molecular Radius = 1.48nm
Filtrate = 0.98 UFx/Px

66
Q

Nephrotoxic serum nephritis

A

The negative charge on the glomerular filtration barrier is gone, allowing for easier diffusion of anions.

Physiology Final (1 decks)

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