Final Exam Flashcards
What are two reasons why most criminal justice officials are highly ethical?
Rigorous screening process
Extensive training
What is the difference between grass eater and meat eater corruption
Grass eater: accepts bribes but doesn’t actively search for exploits
Meat eater: actively seeks out exploitation
What is the difference between supervision and leadership
Supervision: reactive
Leadership: proactive
What are three elements of effective leaders
Creates and upholds an organisational mission
Created an environment that breeds trust and openness
Allowing the appropriate person to make the necessary decisions
What does behavioural theory of leadership entail?
A balancing between providing structure and empathy/empowerment
What does contingency theory of leadership require of the leader?
The leader must select the most suitable approach to a problem based off their position of power, structure of the task, and interpersonal relationship with leader and follower
What is the trait theory of leadership
Theory that suggests some people simply have personality or character traits they can use to lead and manipulate others positively.
What are two forms of sexual harassment by government officials
Quid pro quo e.g supervisor suggests sexual conduct in exchange for job benefits
Hostile environment: supervisor directly engaged in or condoned sexual harassment
How much evidence is there that police who accept minor gratuities will eventually engage in more serious misconduct
No real evidence that a link exists
What are two things that may be the basis for suing probation supervisors and their officers?
Theory of a special relationships: with offender
Theory of identifiable victims: not warning the victim they are in harm
What are three factors that must be present for torture to exist
The act must be performed by a state agent
Act must be performed to obtain a confession or information
Behaviour must be based on an intentional act
What is the issue in Bellout V Ashcroft and what was the decision of the court
Issue of rendition
He was a threat to national security thus wasn’t entitled to asylum
What are three criticisms of the ICE program
Program has not prevented any terrorist attacks and only stopped small portion of violent crime
Arrestees are denied safeguards eg right to probable cause trial
Created a culture of distrust with illegal immigrants who would have otherwise reported crime
What are the two models for assessing the decision making of government attorneys in terrorism cases? Which model raises more ethical concerns for the attorneys?
Agency approach and Public interests approach. Public interests approach causes more ethical concerns
What is one of the controversial provisions of the patriot act
Section 206: allows the government upon court order to wiretap every conversation a specific person has instead of just a specific phone line
What do conspiracy laws enable prosecutors to do in terrorism cases?
To interdict a terrorist act prior to it being carried out and prosecute someone before they commit a terrorist act
What are two of the strategies for reducing the criminalisation of mental illness?
Provide training for officers to better recognise mental illness symptoms and how to deal with them
Set up mental health courts for misdemeanours and non violent felonies and focus on treatment over imprisonment
What are three of the strategies to use when working with mentally ill patients
Watch offender hygiene habits closely - habits change: problems happening
Treat them as adults
Explain yourself Cleary
What are two correctional officer perceptions of sex offenders
They are more aggressive and dangerous
They have higher levels of mental illness
What are two of the ramifications of prison rape
Increased costs of incarceration
Increased risk of harm to inmates e.g higher risk of aids and Hiv
What are the three purposes of the prison rape elimination act of 2003
Increase the accountability of officials who fail to detect or punish guilty offenders
Protect the 8th amendment rights of federal to local inmates
Increase the efficient and effectiveness of federal expenditures through grant programs
What are two ethical issues for forensic scientists
Trying to remain objective while working w law enforcement and the courts
Back logging leading to rushed work
What are two examples of professionals in the forensic science field
Medical examiners
Crime scene investigators
What are two types of witnesses
Fact witnesses: testimony based on what they know through observation
Expert witness: testimony based on what they know from years of expertise
What are three of the things a judge must consider before admitting scientific testimony
The testimony it theory can be or has been tested
Whether it was subject to peer review
What was theorised or known error rate of the theory or testimony
