Final Exam

Question 1

What are two reasons why most criminal justice officials are highly ethical?

Answer 1

Rigorous screening process

Extensive training

Question 2

What is the difference between grass eater and meat eater corruption

Answer 2

Grass eater: accepts bribes but doesn’t actively search for exploits

Meat eater: actively seeks out exploitation

Question 3

What is the difference between supervision and leadership

Answer 3

Supervision: reactive
Leadership: proactive

Question 4

What are three elements of effective leaders

Answer 4

Creates and upholds an organisational mission

Created an environment that breeds trust and openness

Allowing the appropriate person to make the necessary decisions

Question 5

What does behavioural theory of leadership entail?

Answer 5

A balancing between providing structure and empathy/empowerment

Question 6

What does contingency theory of leadership require of the leader?

Answer 6

The leader must select the most suitable approach to a problem based off their position of power, structure of the task, and interpersonal relationship with leader and follower

Question 7

What is the trait theory of leadership

Answer 7

Theory that suggests some people simply have personality or character traits they can use to lead and manipulate others positively.

Question 8

What are two forms of sexual harassment by government officials

Answer 8

Quid pro quo e.g supervisor suggests sexual conduct in exchange for job benefits

Hostile environment: supervisor directly engaged in or condoned sexual harassment

Question 9

How much evidence is there that police who accept minor gratuities will eventually engage in more serious misconduct

Answer 9

No real evidence that a link exists

Question 10

What are two things that may be the basis for suing probation supervisors and their officers?

Answer 10

Theory of a special relationships: with offender

Theory of identifiable victims: not warning the victim they are in harm

Question 11

What are three factors that must be present for torture to exist

Answer 11

The act must be performed by a state agent

Act must be performed to obtain a confession or information

Behaviour must be based on an intentional act

Question 12

What is the issue in Bellout V Ashcroft and what was the decision of the court

Answer 12

Issue of rendition

He was a threat to national security thus wasn’t entitled to asylum

Question 13

What are three criticisms of the ICE program

Answer 13

Program has not prevented any terrorist attacks and only stopped small portion of violent crime

Arrestees are denied safeguards eg right to probable cause trial

Created a culture of distrust with illegal immigrants who would have otherwise reported crime

Question 14

What are the two models for assessing the decision making of government attorneys in terrorism cases? Which model raises more ethical concerns for the attorneys?

Answer 14

Agency approach and Public interests approach. Public interests approach causes more ethical concerns

Question 15

What is one of the controversial provisions of the patriot act

Answer 15

Section 206: allows the government upon court order to wiretap every conversation a specific person has instead of just a specific phone line

Question 16

What do conspiracy laws enable prosecutors to do in terrorism cases?

Answer 16

To interdict a terrorist act prior to it being carried out and prosecute someone before they commit a terrorist act

Question 17

What are two of the strategies for reducing the criminalisation of mental illness?

Answer 17

Provide training for officers to better recognise mental illness symptoms and how to deal with them

Set up mental health courts for misdemeanours and non violent felonies and focus on treatment over imprisonment

Question 18

What are three of the strategies to use when working with mentally ill patients

Answer 18

Watch offender hygiene habits closely - habits change: problems happening

Treat them as adults

Explain yourself Cleary

Question 19

What are two correctional officer perceptions of sex offenders

Answer 19

They are more aggressive and dangerous

They have higher levels of mental illness

Question 20

What are two of the ramifications of prison rape

Answer 20

Increased costs of incarceration

Increased risk of harm to inmates e.g higher risk of aids and Hiv

Question 21

What are the three purposes of the prison rape elimination act of 2003

Answer 21

Increase the accountability of officials who fail to detect or punish guilty offenders

Protect the 8th amendment rights of federal to local inmates

Increase the efficient and effectiveness of federal expenditures through grant programs

Question 22

What are two ethical issues for forensic scientists

Answer 22

Trying to remain objective while working w law enforcement and the courts

Back logging leading to rushed work

Question 23

What are two examples of professionals in the forensic science field

Answer 23

Medical examiners

Crime scene investigators

Question 24

What are two types of witnesses

Answer 24

Fact witnesses: testimony based on what they know through observation

Expert witness: testimony based on what they know from years of expertise

Question 25

What are three of the things a judge must consider before admitting scientific testimony

Answer 25

The testimony it theory can be or has been tested

Whether it was subject to peer review

What was theorised or known error rate of the theory or testimony