Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

A

Everything is made of matter!

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2
Q

5 areas of chemistry

A
Analytical chemistry
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry 
Physical chemistry
Biochemistry
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3
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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4
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of compounds containing carbon

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5
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

Study of substances that do not contain carbon

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6
Q

Biochemistry

A

Studies processes that take place in organisms

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7
Q

Analytical chemistry

A

Focuses on the composition of matter

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8
Q

Physical chemistry

A

Deals w/mechanism, rate, and energy transfer when matter undergoes a change

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9
Q

Pure chemistry

A

Pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake

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10
Q

Applied chemistry

A

Research directed toward a practical goal/application

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11
Q

3 reasons to study chemistry

A

Explain the natural world, prepare for career opportunities, produce informed citizens

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12
Q

4 outcomes of modern chemistry research

A

Leads to technologies that:

  1. Benefit the environment
  2. Conserve and produce energy
  3. Improve human life
  4. Expand knowledge of the universe
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13
Q

Technology

A

The means by which a society provides its members with things needed and desired

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14
Q

How did Lavoisier transform chemistry?

A

He transformed it from a science of observation into a science of measurement

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15
Q

Steps in scientific method

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis
  4. Develop a theory
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16
Q

What role do collaboration and communication play in science?

A

Increase the likelihood of a successful outcome

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17
Q

Mass

A

Measure of the amount of matter an object contains

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18
Q

Volume

A

Measure of the space occupied by an object

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19
Q

Extensive property

A

Property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

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20
Q

Intensive property

A

Property that depends on the type of matter in a sample

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21
Q

Substance

A

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition

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22
Q

Physical property

A

Can be observed/measured without changing the substance’s composition

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23
Q

Solid

A

Form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

24
Q

Liquid

A

Form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape

25
Gas
Form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; no definite shape or volume
26
Vapor
Gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature (ex. "water vapor")
27
Physical change
Change during which some physical properties of a material change, but its composition doesn't change
28
Why do all samples of a substance have the same intensive properties?
They all have the same composition
29
How can physical changes be classified?
As reversible or irreversible
30
Mixture
Physical blend of two or more substances that aren't chemically combined
31
How can mixtures be classified?
As heterogenous or homogenous
32
Heterogenous mixture
Mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout
33
Homogenous mixture
Mixture that has a uniform composition | Aka a solution
34
Phase
Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties
35
Filtration
Process that separates a solid from a liquid in heterogenous mixture
36
Distillation
Process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points
37
Element
The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties
38
Compound
Substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportion
39
How do compounds differ from elements?
Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances; elements cannot
40
Chemical change
Change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter
41
How can substances and mixtures be distinguished?
If the composition is fixed, it's a substance. If the composition may vary, it's a mixture
42
Chemical symbol
One-or two-letter representation of an element
43
Period
Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
44
Group
A vertical column of elements in the periodic table
45
Measurement
Quantity that has a number and unit
46
Multiplying numbers in sci notation
Multiply coefficients, add exponents
47
Dividing numbers in sci notation
Divide coefficients, subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator
48
Adding and subtracting numbers in sci notation
First, align the exponents by moving the decimal points, then add or subtract the coefficients
49
Accuracy
Closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured
50
Precision
The closeness or reproducibility of a set of measurements take under same conditions
51
Accepted value
A quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community
52
Experimental value
Quantitative value measured during an experiment
53
Error
Experimental value - accepted value
54
Percent error
absolute value of error/accepted value x 100%
55
Significant figures
All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
56
Adding/subtracting with sig figs
Answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places
57
Multiplying/dividing with sig figs
Answer should be rounded to the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least number of sig figs