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Chemistry > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

A

Everything is made of matter!

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2
Q

5 areas of chemistry

A 
Analytical chemistry
Organic chemistry
Inorganic chemistry 
Physical chemistry
Biochemistry
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3
Q

Matter

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space

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4
Q

Organic chemistry

A

Study of compounds containing carbon

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5
Q

Inorganic chemistry

A

Study of substances that do not contain carbon

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6
Q

Biochemistry

A

Studies processes that take place in organisms

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7
Q

Analytical chemistry

A

Focuses on the composition of matter

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8
Q

Physical chemistry

A

Deals w/mechanism, rate, and energy transfer when matter undergoes a change

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9
Q

Pure chemistry

A

Pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake

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10
Q

Applied chemistry

A

Research directed toward a practical goal/application

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11
Q

3 reasons to study chemistry

A

Explain the natural world, prepare for career opportunities, produce informed citizens

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12
Q

4 outcomes of modern chemistry research

A

Leads to technologies that:

  1. Benefit the environment
  2. Conserve and produce energy
  3. Improve human life
  4. Expand knowledge of the universe
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13
Q

Technology

A

The means by which a society provides its members with things needed and desired

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14
Q

How did Lavoisier transform chemistry?

A

He transformed it from a science of observation into a science of measurement

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15
Q

Steps in scientific method

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Form a hypothesis
  3. Test the hypothesis
  4. Develop a theory
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16
Q

What role do collaboration and communication play in science?

A

Increase the likelihood of a successful outcome

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17
Q

Mass

A

Measure of the amount of matter an object contains

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18
Q

Volume

A

Measure of the space occupied by an object

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19
Q

Extensive property

A

Property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample

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20
Q

Intensive property

A

Property that depends on the type of matter in a sample

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21
Q

Substance

A

Matter that has a uniform and definite composition

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22
Q

Physical property

A

Can be observed/measured without changing the substance’s composition

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23
Q

Solid

A

Form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

24
Q

Liquid

A

Form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape

25
Q

Gas

A

Form of matter that takes the shape and volume of its container; no definite shape or volume

26
Q

Vapor

A

Gaseous state of a substance that is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature (ex. “water vapor”)

27
Q

Physical change

A

Change during which some physical properties of a material change, but its composition doesn’t change

28
Q

Why do all samples of a substance have the same intensive properties?

A

They all have the same composition

29
Q

How can physical changes be classified?

A

As reversible or irreversible

30
Q

Mixture

A

Physical blend of two or more substances that aren’t chemically combined

31
Q

How can mixtures be classified?

A

As heterogenous or homogenous

32
Q

Heterogenous mixture

A

Mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout

33
Q

Homogenous mixture

A

Mixture that has a uniform composition

Aka a solution

34
Q

Phase

A

Any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

35
Q

Filtration

A

Process that separates a solid from a liquid in heterogenous mixture

36
Q

Distillation

A

Process used to separate components of a mixture using differences in boiling points

37
Q

Element

A

The simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties

38
Q

Compound

A

Substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportion

39
Q

How do compounds differ from elements?

A

Compounds can be broken down into simpler substances; elements cannot

40
Q

Chemical change

A

Change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter

41
Q

How can substances and mixtures be distinguished?

A

If the composition is fixed, it’s a substance. If the composition may vary, it’s a mixture

42
Q

Chemical symbol

A

One-or two-letter representation of an element

43
Q

Period

A

Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

44
Q

Group

A

A vertical column of elements in the periodic table

45
Q

Measurement

A

Quantity that has a number and unit

46
Q

Multiplying numbers in sci notation

A

Multiply coefficients, add exponents

47
Q

Dividing numbers in sci notation

A

Divide coefficients, subtract the exponent in the denominator from the exponent in the numerator

48
Q

Adding and subtracting numbers in sci notation

A

First, align the exponents by moving the decimal points, then add or subtract the coefficients

49
Q

Accuracy

A

Closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is being measured

50
Q

Precision

A

The closeness or reproducibility of a set of measurements take under same conditions

51
Q

Accepted value

A

A quantity used by general agreement of the scientific community

52
Q

Experimental value

A

Quantitative value measured during an experiment

53
Q

Error

A

Experimental value - accepted value

54
Q

Percent error

A

absolute value of error/accepted value x 100%

55
Q

Significant figures

A

All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit

56
Q

Adding/subtracting with sig figs

A

Answer should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the measurement with the least number of decimal places

57
Q

Multiplying/dividing with sig figs

A

Answer should be rounded to the same number of sig figs as the measurement with the least number of sig figs

Chemistry (7 decks)

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