Final Exam Flashcards
Gifted
- Traditionally refers to someone with scores on intelligence tests of at least 130
- Exceptional talent must be nurtured
- GIfted children are often more mature and have fewer emotional problems
- As adults they are more satisfied with careers, relationships, and life in general
Convergent and divergent thinking
Intelligence is associated with CONVERGENT THINKING (arriving at one correct answer)
Creativity is associated with DIVERGENT THINKING (aim is novel and unusual lines of thought)
Encourage creativity by
encouraging children to take risks with ideas and think of alternatives
Intellectual disability DSM-V
- Deficits in intellectual functioning
- Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning
- Below-average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident prior to age 18
Defining and measuring a child’s intellectual disability
- No linger defined on the basis of IQ
- Level of adaptive functioning important
Adaptive functioning
how effectively individuals cope with ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living independently
Broken up into subcategories: Conceptual, Social, Practical, Occupational Skills
Prevalence of intellectual disabilities
1-3% of population
Twice as many males as females among those with mild cases
- More prevalent in children of lower SES, minority groups (especially for mild cases)
- Severe ID equally prevalent in all groups
Genetic and Constitutional factors for Intellectual disability
Chromosomal abnormalities:
- Fragile-X syndrome is the most common inherited ID
- Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes (both associated with abnormality on chromosome 15)
- Down syndrome
Single-gene conditions: inborn errors of metabolism
Adverse biological conditions
FASD
Teratogens
Down Syndrom
- Usually result of failure of the mother’s 21st pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
Single-gene conditions that cause intellectual disability
- Inborn errors of metabolism
- Excesses or shortages of certain chemicals that are necessary during
developmental stages - Cause of 3-7% of severe ID cases
Phenylketouria
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Single-gene condition that results in lack of liver enzymes necessary to metabolize phenylalanine.
Can be treated wit diet successfully and prevent ID.
Specific Learning Disorder (DSM V Criteria)
Difficulties learning and using academic skills…presence of at least 1 of the following for 6+ months (despite provision of targeted intervention)
- Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading
- Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read
- Difficulty with spelling
- Difficulty with written expression
- Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation
- Difficulties with mathematical reasoning
Affected academic skills:
- Substantially bELOW EXPECTED FOR AGE
- Cause significant interference with performance
- Confirmed by individually administered achievement measures and clinical assessment (or documented history after 17 yrs)
Difficulties began during school-age years
Not better accounted for by ID, uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental/neurological siorders, psychosocial adversity, language issues, poor instruction.
Big difference between old and new SLD criteria
Less based on IQ!
Performance is markedly low in one or more areas but with proper support, thiese kids can achieve at an average level
Mild Specific Learning Disorder
Some difficulties in one or two domains. May be able to compensate well when provided accommodations/support.
Moderate Specific Learning Disability
Marked difficulties in one or more domains. Require intervals of intensive intervention, some accomodations or support required for some of the day
Severe Specific Learning Disability
Severe difficlties in one or more somains. Unlikely to learn skills without intensive individualized on-going support for most of school years. Even with support, they may not be able to complete all activities efficiently
Specific learning Disability Specifiers
Mild- moderate-severe With impairment in: - Reading - Written expression - Mathematics
Trouble with defining learning disabilities
DSM 5 criteria is new and different and doesn’t match the criteria from the Learning Disabilities Association of Canada
Association emphasizes:
- processing deficites underly the difficulties in one or more area
- Could result from home life
- Include children that are performing well but only with exceptionnaly intense effort
-
Assessing a Learning Disability
- Background information
- Developmental history, school evaluation, forms from parent and school
- Copies of all reports
- Interview parents, child, teacher if possible
- Rating scales from parents and schoo. - Psychoeducational Testing
- Cognitive/Intelligence
- Academic Achievement
- Processing Measures (as appropriate) in language, phonology, visuomotor, memory, executive functioning, fluency/automaticity
Specific Learning Disability with Impairment in Reading
- Most common underlying feature is the inability to distinguish or separate sounds in spoken words
- Involves difficulty learning basic sight words, such as: the, who, laugh, said
- Core deficits in reading disorders are in decoding rapidly enough to read the whole word - coupled with problems reading single, small words
Specific Learning Disorder with Impairment in Written Expression
- Writing disorders are often associated with problems with eye/hand coordination (leads to poor handwriting)
- Children with writing disorders (1) produce shorter, less interesting, and poorly organized essays; (2) are less likely to review spelling, punctuation, and grammar to increase clarity.
Specific Learning Disability with Impairment in Mathematics
- Difficulty in recognizing numbers and symbols, memorizing facts, aligning numbers, and understanding abstract concepts
- May include problems in comprehending abstract concepts or n visual-spatial ability
- Involved core deficits in arithmetic calculation and/or mathematics reasoning abilities
Prevalence and Course of Specific Learning Disorders
- about 2-10% of population
- SLD with reading difficulties 5-17% of kids
- may be part of a spectrum of abilities, rather than a discrete phenomenon
- SLD with math impairment is 20% of children with LDs.
- SLD with impaired written expression is rare on its own, but overlaps more with other disorders (especially math because of difficulty recognizing symbols)
Biological Causes of Learning Disabilities
- Difficulties bringing information from various brain regions together to integrate and understand information
- Recent findings suggest two distinguishable types of reading disorder (children who are persistently-poor and children who can improve with intensive phonics help)
- Heritability accounts for 60% of variance in reading disorders
- Particular problems in the AUDITORY ASSOCIATION AREA