Final Exam Flashcards
Physical Therapy in America
In response to Polio and Wars
American Women’s Physical Therapeutic Association was made in 1921 with McMillan was elected the first president
APTA was officially created with name change in 1946
Poliomyelitis
Virus that led to Parlysis
Early treatments were Immobilization, Bracing, and Bedrest
Development of PT Profession
Pennsylvania is the first state to license PTs in 1913
Licensing Exam developed in 1954
1st Specialist Exams given in 1985
Increased focus on evidence-based practice in 2000s
APTAs Vision 2020
PTs will be Doctors
Everyone will have Direct Access to PTs
PTs will be practitioners of choice and will be Autonomous
PTs may be assisted by licensed PTAs
PTs will provide evidence based practice in a Culturally Sensitve manner with Trust, Respect, and appreciation for individuals
PTs will maintain active responsibility for the growth of the PT profession
Pillars: Autonomous PT Practice, Direct Access, DPT and Lifelong Education, Evidence-Based Practice, Practitioner of Choice, and Professionalism
Vision Statement for the Physical Therapy Profession
“Transforming society by optimizing movement to improve the human experience.”
Guiding Principles to Achieve the Vision
Identity, Quality, Collaboration, Value, Innovation, Consumer-Centricity, Access/Equity, Advocacy
Specialties
Orthopedic, Pediatric, Cardiopulmonary, Neurological, Wound Care, Geriatric, Women’s Health, Sports, and Electrophysiology
Practice Settings
Acute Care, Inpatient Rehab, Outpatient, Home Health, School Systems, Industry/Consulting, Education, and Others
Guiding Principles to Achieve the Vision 2020
Identity- The importance of validating the movement system along with other body systems
Quality- Commits to establishing and adopting Best Practice Standards
Collaboration- Joining with other professions to solve society’s health-related challenges
Value- Accountability in demonstrating that services are Safe, Effective, Patient-Centered, Timely, Efficient, and Equitable
Innovation- Creativity and Proactivity to enhance health services
Consumer-centricity- Patient/Client/Consumer goals are important
Access/Equity- Obligation to recognize and ameliorate health inequities and disparities
Advocacy- Advocate for Patients/Clients/Consumers as individuals
Precede/Proceed Model
1-4 are Precede and 5-8 are Proceed Phase 1- Social Assessment Phase 2- Epidemiological Assessment Phase 3- Educational & Ecological Assessment Phase 4- Administrative and Policy Assessment and Intervention Alignment Phase 5- Implementation Phase 6- Process Evaluation Phase 7- Impact Evaluation Phase 8- Outcome Evaluation
Professionalism
Of, Relating to, or Characteristic of a Profession
Engaged in One of the Learned Professions
Characterized by or conforming to the Technical or Ethical standards of a Profession
Exhibiting Courteous, Conscientious, and Generally Businesslike manner in the Workplace
Professionalism in PT
“Physical Therapists consistently demonstrate core values by aspiring to and wisely applying principles of Altruism, Excellence, Caring, Ethics, Respect, Communication, and Accountability and by working together with other professionals to achieve optimal health and wellness in individuals and communities
APTA Core Values
ACCOUNTABILITY- Active acceptance of the responsibility for the diverse roles, obligations, and actions of the physical therapist including self-regulation and other behaviors that positively influence patient/client outcomes, the profession and the health needs of society
ALTRUISM- Primary regard for or devotion to the interest of patients/clients, thus assuming the fiduciary responsibility of placing the needs of the patient/client ahead of the PTs self interest
COMPASSION/CARING- Desire to identify with or sense something of another’s experience which leads to the concern, empathy, and consideration for the needs/values of others
EXCELLENCE- Consistently using current knowledge and theory while understanding personal limits, integrates judgment and the patient/client perspective, embraces advancement, challenges mediocrity, and works toward development of new knowledge
INTEGRITY- Adherence to high ethical principles or professional standards- Truthfulness and Fairness
PROFESSIONAL DUTY- Commitment to meeting one’s obligations to provide effective PT services to patients/clients, to serve the profession, and to positively influence the health of society
SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY- Promotion of mutual trust between the profession and the larger public that necessitates responding to societal needs for health and wellness
Professional Behaviors
Critical Thinking–Communication–Problem Solving–Interpersonal Skills–Responsibility–Professionalism–Use of Constructive Feedback–Effective use of Time/Resources–Stress Management–Commitment to Learning
Urban vs. Rural
Urbanized Areas have 50,000 or more people
Urban Clusters have at least 2,500 and less than 50,000 people
Rural encompasses all population, housing, and territory not included within an urban area
Reasons People have experienced Obstacles to Health
Race/Ethnic Group, Religion, Socioeconomic Status, Gender, Age, Mental Health, Cognitive/Sensory/Physical Disability, Sexual Orientation, Geographic Location
Health Equity
“Attainment of the highest level of health for all people.”
Requires valuing everyone equally
Rural Health Disparities
Different disparities compared to general population:
Higher incidence of disease and disability
Increased Mortality Rates
Lower Life Expectancies
Higher Rates of Pain and Suffering
Percentage of Physicians in Rural settings
About 10% of physicians practice in Rural despite the fact that nearly 25% of the population lives in Rural
Nearly 24% of rural children live in poverty
Models for Classifying Health/Disability
Nagi Model of Disablement- Active Pathology–>Impairment–>Functional Limitation–:Disability
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)- Human Function and Decreases in Function are Portrayed as a Dynamic Interaction between various Health Conditions and Contextual Factors
Health Conditions
Diseases, Disorders, Injury or Trauma, Agingm ad Congenital Anomaly
Contextual Factors
Person- Gender, Age, Other Health Conditions, Coping Style, Social Background, Education, Profession, Past Experiences, and Character Style
Environment- Products, Close Milieu, Institutions, Social Norms, Culture, Built-Environment, Political Factors, Nature
The Patient/Client Management Process
Clinical Decision Making
Examination->Evaluation->Diagnosis->Prognosis->Interventions->Outcomes
Physical Therapist decision making related to involvement of Other Providers
Co-manage (with other disciplines for the patient)
Refer (to other PTs or other disciplines)
Consult (with other PTs or other disciplines about the best course of action)
Retain (PT, PTA, or PT aides/technicians)
Ethics
A branch of Philosophy concerned with the Rightness or Wrongness of human behavior and the goodness or badness of its effects
It assumes that people have the ability to make choices about their behavior
Ethics in Decision Making
Complex with increasing influences from outside our practice
Not just about the relationship between therapist and patient, but also about the institution, reimbursement, and policy issues that impact practice
Ethics can’t tell you the decisions to make in specific situations because every situation is uniquely different
Healthcare Ethics
Unique because it deals with people who are vulnerable, people who have been injured. This creates an imbalance of power
People have an. Expectation that healthcare providers are going to rise to a higher level of ethical decision making than the normal public
Factors Affecting Homecare Ethics
Managed Care (decreased reimbursement)
Changing Regulations (payment systems put pressure on some clinicians and administrators to find a way to profit in the new system)
Cultural Diversity (may deal with others not willing to learn about other cultures)
Changing Societal Values
Technological Advances
Limited Resources
Types of Morality
Personal (Individual)- Values/duties you adopt as relevant
Group (Institutional/Organizational)- Shared by the group you belong to such as work, religious, social and professional groups
Societal- Common denominator of shared beliefs
Ethical Situations
Ethical Problem- Practitioner is confronted by challenges or threats to personal moral duties and values
Ethical Distress- Practitioners know the course of action to take, but for what’re reason, they do not take it
Ethical Dilemma- When there are two morally correct courses of action, but they can’t both be followed at the same time
Determinants of Ethical/Moral Behavior
Moral Sensitivity- Ability to interpret the situation/project consequences of your actions (without this you don’t act ethically because it doesn’t occur to you)
Moral Judgment- Deciding which action is right or wrong because you are able to assess how the different lines of actions that you could take will affect other people
Moral Motivation- Prioritizes moral values over personal motives
Moral Character/Courage- Ability to have perseverance, toughness, conviction, and courage to take action to correct something that you know is wrong
Moral Failure- When none of the others happen. All four components are necessary to take action
Principles that Ethics is Based upon
Beneficence- Action done for the benefit of others
Nonmalificence- Doing no Harm
Autonomy/Confidentiality- Self-Governing/Being Trustworthy
Justice- Fairness for all
Veracity- Conformity to Facts; Accuracy
Fidelity- Faithfulness to a person/cause/belief; Loyalty
