Final Exam

Question 1

DNA-Based molecular markers

Answer 1

Small parts of the genome that are chosen by researcher in hope that they are representative of much larger segments of DNA.

Question 2

Microsatellites

Answer 2

Repetitive sequences of DNA that are relatively short (less than 10 nucleotide long) and are often referred to as simple sequence repeats (SSR)

Question 3

Allozymes

Answer 3

Are different forms of the same enzyme coded for by different alleles at a particular gene locus. Are spectators by the differences in their net electrical charges and size, which affect their mobility in an electives field across star hot polyacrylamide gel

Question 4

Wrights -1951- Fixation index

Answer 4

Measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure. Usually calculated from SNP or Microsatellites of genetic polymorphism data, Allele frequencies between populations. Known at Fst and compared to Qst to make genetic drift assumptions

Question 5

Genetic polymorphism

Answer 5

Is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms.

Question 6

Fst

Answer 6

Proportion of genetic diversity(variation) due to differences in allele frequency making populations. Wrights fixation index

Question 7

Qst

Answer 7

Compared to Fst often. Is an analogous measure based in quantitative phenotypic traits measured with and between populations.

Question 8

Genetic variation

Answer 8

In order for a populations to evolve it must have a variable gene pool. Mixture of neutral and fitness affecting alleles

Question 9

Genetic variation occurs

Answer 9

1. Between individuals within populations 2. Between pollinations within a geographic region 3. Between geographic regions -ecotypes- 4. Between races, varieties, subspecies 5. Between species and higher taxa.

Question 10

Reviews of life history with the use of DNA markers- life history features pg 102 and 103

Answer 10

Life habitat, breeding system or dispersal mode, have consistent effects on both within and between population genetic diversity of plant species. Have potential to shape evolutional processes and the rate of adaptive evolution.

Question 11

Self fertilizing plants

Answer 11

Have low levels of genetic diversity and will limit the ability for populations to respond to selection pressures. Annuals are usually self fertilizing.

Question 12

Uses of molecular markers -molecular approaches ph 105

Answer 12

Because Fst and Qst method is like a black box and can not pin point which loci are creating genetic variation- molecular approaches come knot use. Identify specific regions of the genome under selection and QTLs or candidate genes that underlie ecologically reliant adaptive traits.

Question 13

Wrights -1951- Fixation index

Answer 13

Measure of population differentiation due to genetic structure. Usually calculated from SNP or Microsatellites of genetic polymorphism data, Allele frequencies between populations. Known at Fst and compared to Qst to make genetic drift assumptions

Question 14

Genetic polymorphism

Answer 14

Is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms.

Question 15

Fst

Answer 15

Proportion of genetic diversity(variation) due to differences in allele frequency making populations. Wrights fixation index

Question 16

Qst

Answer 16

Compared to Fst often. Is an analogous measure based in quantitative phenotypic traits measured with and between populations.

Question 17

Genetic variation

Answer 17

In order for a populations to evolve it must have a variable gene pool. Mixture of neutral and fitness affecting alleles

Question 18

Genetic variation occurs

Answer 18

1. Between individuals within populations 2. Between pollinations within a geographic region 3. Between geographic regions -ecotypes- 4. Between races, varieties, subspecies 5. Between species and higher taxa.

Question 19

Reviews of life history with the use of DNA markers- life history features pg 102 and 103

Answer 19

Life habitat, breeding system or dispersal mode, have consistent effects on both within and between population genetic diversity of plant species. Have potential to shape evolutional processes and the rate of adaptive evolution.

Question 20

Self fertilizing plants

Answer 20

Have low levels of genetic diversity and will limit the ability for populations to respond to selection pressures. Annuals are usually self fertilizing.

Question 21

Uses of molecular markers -molecular approaches ph 105

Answer 21

Because Fst and Qst method is like a black box and can not pin point which loci are creating genetic variation- molecular approaches come knot use. Identify specific regions of the genome under selection and QTLs or candidate genes that underlie ecologically reliant adaptive traits.

Question 22

Gene flow

Answer 22

Movement of alleles among populations and it occurs in plants as pollen or seeds or sometimes beets rice fragments are transported.
A pollen grain carries a haploid genome- where as a seed carries diploid genome is an embryo.

Question 23

Gene dispersal

Answer 23

Gene flow within a pollution. When seeds are dispersed by wind or animal vectors and fall among the maternal plants on which they matured. Tends to reduce genetic structuring within and between populations.

Question 24

Geitonogamy

Answer 24

A type of asexual reproduction. Pollen is transferred from one flower to another flower on the same plant. Usually by bees or other visiting pollinators.

Question 25

Percentage study of bur oak

Answer 25

Four Microsatellites loci were used to determine parent trees of individuals (n=100). Mean distance of mother tree=25m. 6.5% were the seed parents of the majority of the samplings. 69% or saplings were within 15m of maternal source tree.