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AP2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Three major functions of urinary system

A

excretion - removal of waste (kidney), elimination - discharge of waste (bladder), Homeostatic regulation of blood volume and solute concentration of blood

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2
Q

Other functions of urinary system

A

regulating BP by regulating volume and releasing EPO and renin. regulating ion concentration (Na, K, Cl, Ca). Stabilizing pH by elimination of excess H. (Urine pH is 6). Conserving valuable nutrients (kidneys filter blood and reabsorb). Detoxification

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3
Q

Location of kidneys

A

extend from T12 - L3

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4
Q

Kidneys are surrounded by..

A

fibrous capsule

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5
Q

Renal Cortex

A

is the superficial portion of kidney in contact w/ fibrous capsule

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6
Q

Renal medulla

A

extends from renal cortex to the renal sinus

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7
Q

renal pyramid

A

conical structure extending from the cortex to a tip called renal papilla

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8
Q

renal papilla

A

tip of the renal pyramid

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9
Q

Minor calyx

A

collects urine produced by a single kidney lobe

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10
Q

major calyx

A

forms through a fusion of 4-5 minor calyces

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11
Q

renal pelvis

A

large, funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from major calyces. it is continous through ureter

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12
Q

Hilum

A

blood vessel servicing the kidney enter through the hilum

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13
Q

Nephron - define

A

Functional unit of kidney, everything happens, all physiology.

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14
Q

How many nephrons in each kidney

A

2 million

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15
Q

Location of nephron

A

border/bounday of cortex and medulla

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16
Q

Location of corpuscle, PCT, DCT

A

located in cortex

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17
Q

loop and collecting duct location

A

medulla

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18
Q

collecting ducts merge and drain through..

A

renal papilla in minor calyx

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19
Q

Afferent Arteriole

A

carries blood into glomerulus

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20
Q

efferent arteriole

A

carries blood out of glomerulus

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21
Q

glomerulus

A

capillary - filtration of blood occurs

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22
Q

renal corpuscle

A

structure of nephron, where filtration of blood occurs, holds glomerulus

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23
Q

PCT (descending)

A

proximal convulated tubule - wavy/twisty tube behind renal capsule - reabsorbs water, ions, and organic nutrients - recover anything of value to reabsorb to blood stream. permeable to water

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24
Q

Nephron loop

A

dips down into medulla - hormones work in kidney (aldosterone, anit-diuretic hormone, calcitonin

25
Q

DCT (ascending)

A

distal convoluted tubule - after neprhon loop - farther from renal capsule - twisty tube - secretes ione, acids, drugs, toxins, may reabosrb some things possible. . Function depends on presence of hormones (ADH, Aldosterone, Calcitonin)

26
Q

collecting duct

A

everything is now urine

27
Q

blood flow organization

A

renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar artery –> artery turns and forms art –> artcutate arteries –> extend to cortex –> cortical radiate vein –> afferent arteriole

28
Q

filtration

A

blood hydrostatic pressure forces water and solutes across the capillary wall

29
Q

reabsorption

A

removal of water and useful solutes from filtrate back to body. this occurs by diffusion osmosis, carrier mediated transport

30
Q

secretion

A

transport of solutes and wastes into renal tube by diffusion, osmosis, carrier mediated transport, etc.

31
Q

podocytes in renal capsucle

A

warps around endothelial cells and litts pods/feet overlap one another and form slits - to maintain integrity by wrapping aroudn endothelial to make usre they don’t break up and also is good filtering slit as blood passes through

32
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

longer, leakier, under higher pressure than normal capillaries - only endothelial cells so more brittle - so podocyte helps to not break them

33
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

result of BHP - BCOP = 10mmHg. Blood hydrostitc pressure - blood colloid osmotic pressure - results in filtration - movement of items from blood stream to capsular space

34
Q

What doesn’t get filtered?

A

large protein and cells

35
Q

How much filtrate do nephrons create per day? How much of that is reabsorbed?

A

48 gallons. 99%

36
Q

Juxtaglumerular Coplex

A

endrocrine structure that secretes EPO and Renin

37
Q

Juxtaglumerule cells

A

receptors that monitor sodium as it is passing by.

38
Q

If filtration rate is too slow or too fast..

A

Slow - correct by restricting efferent arteriole and dilate afferent arteriole to create more filtrate.
too fast - the opposite- dilate efferent - restrict afferentym

39
Q

mechanisms to control GFR

A

Autoregulation, hormonal, autonomic regulation

40
Q

Autoregulation

A

dilation and contriction of afferent and efferent arterioles by stretch receptors

41
Q

Hormonal

A

RAA pathway, ADH, and ANP. Drop in glomerular BP results in increase of renin from JGC - look at picture.

42
Q

autonomic regulation

A

sympathetic - filtration rate goes down. parasympathetic speeds up

43
Q

aldosterone

A

conserve sodium and water - to increase volume and pressure - comes from adrenal gland

44
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone - comes from posterior pituitary - makes body conserve fluid - conserves water - increases volume nad pressure

45
Q

ANP

A

atrial naturitic peptide - protein affects sodium - comes from atrium - when BP is high it exerts force on these cells and causes them to release ANP which works on DCT to prevent you from reabsorpting sodium - may promote body to excrete sodium/water - dropping BP

46
Q

RAA

A

increases pressure - ADH increases pressure - ADP increase pressure

47
Q

PCT - reabsorption

A

99% of glucose, amino acids, other organic compounds. reabsorbs ions (Na, K, HCO3, Mg, PO4, SO4) Co2 is abosrbed and affects pH. 60% of water is reabsorbed.

48
Q

Passive Reabsorption of water..

A

when water leaves descending loop (PCT) the osmotic concentration rises, when the highly concentrated fluid flows through ascending loop (DCT) ions leave by diffusion.

49
Q

DCT - reabsorption

A

reabsorb Na, Cl. loss of K. aldosterone, ANP. Ca regulation. precense of PTH and calcitrol. secretion of H in exchange for Na.

50
Q

Absence of ADH and Presence of ADH

A

absense - dont absorb water - very dilute urine. presence - water goes out - urine hihgly concentrated

51
Q

ureters

A

extend from kidney to bladder. enter bladder through ureteral openings. transitional epithelium lining. peristalsis.

52
Q

urinary bladder

A

hollow mscular organ - trigone (ureteral openings and urthera) transitional epithelium. 2 layers of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle

53
Q

urehtra

A

bladder to exterior. males 7-8inches, prostatic, membranous, spongy urethra. female 1-2in. urine has internal and external sphincters. stratified squamous epithelium

54
Q

micturation reflex

A

like defecation - spinal cord level reflux - stimulus due to stretch of bladder - motor singal back to bladder to contract and relax intenral urthra sphincter

55
Q

Fluid movement - three compartment - hydration

A

increasing fluid voluem in blood stream - making blood dilute compared to tissue - by osmosis the fluid will shift to the tissues - tissues then more dilute than cells -so fluid will shift to cells - if you over hydrate cells will burst

56
Q

fluid movement - 3 comparment - dehydration

A

sweating. water going out of blood - then blood more concentrated then tissues - so water travels from tissues to blood. tissues then more concentrated then cells- so fluid shifts from cells to tissues. process continues tuntil you take in fluids - if you become very dehydrated your cells will shrinm

57
Q

hypokalemia

A

too little K. harder to generate electrical signals. makes nervous system hard to reach resting membrane potential - not enough K in extracellular fluid – sluggish/slurred speech

58
Q

hyperkalemia

A

too much K. seizure and death.

59
Q

EPO

A

erythropoietin – blood cell formation. low oxygen is when it is release – to stimulate RBC production - which increased capacitiy to carry oxygen – and restore

AP2 (1 decks)

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