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Biology 120 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ecosystem

A

living and nonliving things interacting

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2
Q

ecosystem depends on 2 processes

A

flow of energy

recycling of chemical nutrients

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3
Q

cells

A

level where properties of life emerge

all organisms are composed of them

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4
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

simpler and smaller
bacteria
nucleus not enclosed in membrane
lacks most organelles

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5
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

subdivided by membranes into compartments called organelles
plants, animals, fungi, and yeast
nucleus enclosed in membranes

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6
Q

DNA

A

A, G, C, T

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7
Q

genome

A

entire “book” of genetic instruction

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8
Q

3 domains of life

A
  1. bacteria (prokaryotic)
  2. archae (prokaryotic)
  3. eukarya (eukaryotic)
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9
Q

eukarya

A

kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, protists (multiple kingdoms)

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

“on the origin of species”

  1. todays species descended from the ancestors called “descent with modification” capturing the duality of life’s unity/modification
  2. natural selection is how descent with modification works
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11
Q

natural selection

A

as populations spread to other places, they adapt and become new species

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12
Q

evolution happens to

selection happens to

A

populations

individuals

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13
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of domesticated plants/animals by humans instead of the environment

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14
Q

discovery science

A

verifying observable data

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15
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative answer to a question

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16
Q

theory

A

broader than a hypothesis, only accepted if backed up

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17
Q

science has 2 key features

A
  1. depends on observations that can be verified

2. requires hypothesis that are testable

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18
Q

matter

A

composed of chemical elements

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19
Q

elements

A

cannot be broken down

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20
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing electrons

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21
Q

ionic bonds

A

donating electrons

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partial charges

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23
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules sticking together because of hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to break the liquid’s surface

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25
Q

hydrocarbons

A

simplest organic compounds

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26
Q

monosaccharides

A

simple sugars (glucose and fructose)

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27
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

taking small molecules and making them into bigger ones

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28
Q

disaccharides

A

sucrose (table sugar)

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29
Q

polysaccharides

A

complex carbs, long chains of sugar, polymers of monosaccharides

30
Q

glycogen

A

similar to starch, stored in liver and muscles

31
Q

cellulose

A

most abundant organic compound

32
Q

lipids

A

fats and steroids

33
Q

fats

A

dietary fat consists of triglyceride (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)

34
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

plant oils, less than the max # of hydrogen blinded to carbons

35
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

animal oils, have the max # of hydrogen bonded to carbon

36
Q

steroids

A

different from most fats in structure and function

37
Q

cholesterol

A

“base” steroid as source for other steroids

38
Q

protein

A

polymer constructed from amino acid monomers

39
Q

primary structure of building a protein

A

sequence of amino acids

determines what the other levels of organization will show up do to its properties

40
Q

secondary structure of building a protein

A

forms either a helix or an accordion

41
Q

tertiary structure of building a protein

A

fold up the secondary structure

42
Q

quarternary structure of building a protein

A

taking two 3D structures and making it 4D

43
Q

nucleic acids

A

informations storage molecules: DNA and RNA

44
Q

A matches with

G matches with

A

T

C

45
Q

cell therapy

A

cells taken from other parts of the body and delivered to heart to help heal after a heart attack

46
Q

Robert Hooke and the cell theory

A

all living things composed of cells
all cells are formed from previously existing cells
cells are the smallest unit of life

47
Q

membrane structure

A

plasma membrane separates inside form outside of cell

48
Q

membranes of cells are composed of

A

lipids, proteins

49
Q

gap junctions

A

electrical synapses, muscle function, nerve cell action

50
Q

tight junctions

A

from cell-cell connections that make water-tight tissues (ex: the bladder)

51
Q

desmosomes

A

cell-cell connections that act to rivet 2 cells together (ex: skin cells)

52
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

separated genetic material from cytoplasm

53
Q

rhibosomes

A

responsible for protein synthesis

54
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

composed of smooth and rough ER

55
Q

rough ER

A

produces membrane proteins, material and proteins for export

56
Q

smooth ER

A

lacks ribosomes for RER, produces lipids/steroids

57
Q

golgi apparatus

A

packaging and processing proteins

58
Q

chloroplasts

A

sight of photosynthesis

59
Q

mitochondria

A

site of cellular respiration

involved production of ATP from food molecules

60
Q

energy

A

capacity to perform work

61
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

62
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

63
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed

64
Q

entropy

A

measure of disorder/randomness

65
Q

calorie

A

amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius

66
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate: energy triphosphate

67
Q

metabolism

A

sum total of all chemical reactions in organisms

68
Q

activation energy

A

needed by a chemical reaction

69
Q

enzymes

A

lower activation energy for chemical reactions

70
Q

characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. each enzyme is very specific
  2. only assist in reactions
  3. not used up in reactions
  4. catalyze reactions in both directions

Biology 120 (1 decks)

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