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Biology 120 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

ecosystem

A

living and nonliving things interacting

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2
Q

ecosystem depends on 2 processes

A

flow of energy

recycling of chemical nutrients

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3
Q

cells

A

level where properties of life emerge

all organisms are composed of them

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4
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

simpler and smaller
bacteria
nucleus not enclosed in membrane
lacks most organelles

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5
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

subdivided by membranes into compartments called organelles
plants, animals, fungi, and yeast
nucleus enclosed in membranes

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6
Q

DNA

A

A, G, C, T

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7
Q

genome

A

entire “book” of genetic instruction

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8
Q

3 domains of life

A
  1. bacteria (prokaryotic)
  2. archae (prokaryotic)
  3. eukarya (eukaryotic)
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9
Q

eukarya

A

kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, protists (multiple kingdoms)

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10
Q

Charles Darwin

A

“on the origin of species”

  1. todays species descended from the ancestors called “descent with modification” capturing the duality of life’s unity/modification
  2. natural selection is how descent with modification works
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11
Q

natural selection

A

as populations spread to other places, they adapt and become new species

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12
Q

evolution happens to

selection happens to

A

populations

individuals

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13
Q

artificial selection

A

selective breeding of domesticated plants/animals by humans instead of the environment

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14
Q

discovery science

A

verifying observable data

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15
Q

hypothesis

A

tentative answer to a question

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16
Q

theory

A

broader than a hypothesis, only accepted if backed up

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17
Q

science has 2 key features

A
  1. depends on observations that can be verified

2. requires hypothesis that are testable

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18
Q

matter

A

composed of chemical elements

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19
Q

elements

A

cannot be broken down

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20
Q

covalent bonds

A

sharing electrons

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21
Q

ionic bonds

A

donating electrons

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22
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

partial charges

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23
Q

cohesion

A

water molecules sticking together because of hydrogen bonding

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24
Q

surface tension

A

measure of how difficult it is to break the liquid’s surface

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25
hydrocarbons
simplest organic compounds
26
monosaccharides
simple sugars (glucose and fructose)
27
dehydration synthesis
taking small molecules and making them into bigger ones
28
disaccharides
sucrose (table sugar)
29
polysaccharides
complex carbs, long chains of sugar, polymers of monosaccharides
30
glycogen
similar to starch, stored in liver and muscles
31
cellulose
most abundant organic compound
32
lipids
fats and steroids
33
fats
dietary fat consists of triglyceride (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
34
unsaturated fatty acids
plant oils, less than the max # of hydrogen blinded to carbons
35
saturated fatty acids
animal oils, have the max # of hydrogen bonded to carbon
36
steroids
different from most fats in structure and function
37
cholesterol
"base" steroid as source for other steroids
38
protein
polymer constructed from amino acid monomers
39
primary structure of building a protein
sequence of amino acids | determines what the other levels of organization will show up do to its properties
40
secondary structure of building a protein
forms either a helix or an accordion
41
tertiary structure of building a protein
fold up the secondary structure
42
quarternary structure of building a protein
taking two 3D structures and making it 4D
43
nucleic acids
informations storage molecules: DNA and RNA
44
A matches with | G matches with
T | C
45
cell therapy
cells taken from other parts of the body and delivered to heart to help heal after a heart attack
46
Robert Hooke and the cell theory
all living things composed of cells all cells are formed from previously existing cells cells are the smallest unit of life
47
membrane structure
plasma membrane separates inside form outside of cell
48
membranes of cells are composed of
lipids, proteins
49
gap junctions
electrical synapses, muscle function, nerve cell action
50
tight junctions
from cell-cell connections that make water-tight tissues (ex: the bladder)
51
desmosomes
cell-cell connections that act to rivet 2 cells together (ex: skin cells)
52
phospholipid bilayer
separated genetic material from cytoplasm
53
rhibosomes
responsible for protein synthesis
54
endoplasmic reticulum
composed of smooth and rough ER
55
rough ER
produces membrane proteins, material and proteins for export
56
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes for RER, produces lipids/steroids
57
golgi apparatus
packaging and processing proteins
58
chloroplasts
sight of photosynthesis
59
mitochondria
site of cellular respiration | involved production of ATP from food molecules
60
energy
capacity to perform work
61
kinetic energy
energy of motion
62
potential energy
stored energy
63
2nd law of thermodynamics
energy can't be created or destroyed
64
entropy
measure of disorder/randomness
65
calorie
amount of energy that raises the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius
66
ATP
adenosine triphosphate: energy triphosphate
67
metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions in organisms
68
activation energy
needed by a chemical reaction
69
enzymes
lower activation energy for chemical reactions
70
characteristics of enzymes
1. each enzyme is very specific 2. only assist in reactions 3. not used up in reactions 4. catalyze reactions in both directions

Biology 120 (1 decks)

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