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Animal Nutrition > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

Numerous chemical reactions and physiological processes which transform food into body tissues and activities

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2
Q

Nutrient

A

Chemicals in the diet (elements/compound) which support normal reproduction, growth, lactation and maintenance of general life processes

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3
Q

Essential Nutrient

A

Cannot be made and are required in the diet

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4
Q

Nonessential Nutrient

A

Can be made in the body, but precursors may be required through diet

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5
Q

Cofactors

A

Alter the enzymes conformation to help catalyze the reaction

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6
Q

Coenzyme

A

Organic cofactors who remove or add chemical fragments, allowing the reaction to proceed

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7
Q

Omnivores

A

An animal who eats both animal and plant orginating food stuffs

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8
Q

Carnivores

A

Animals who only eat animal food stuffs

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9
Q

Herbivores

A

Animals who only eat plant matter

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10
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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11
Q

Digestion

A

Large complex molecules broken down into simple, small molecules

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12
Q

Catabolism

A

1/3 processes in metabolism. The breakdown of complex materials into simple materials.

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13
Q

Anabolism

A

2/3 processes in metabolism. Synthesis of complex materials from simple materials

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14
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which decreases the activation energy to speed up a reaction

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15
Q

Zymogen

A

The inactive form of enzymes. Activated at the time and place of required action

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16
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy required by reactants to enter the transition state by which the chemical bonds can then be broken or formed

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17
Q

Inhibitors

A

Substances that block the substrate from binding by competing for the active site.

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18
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Part of the villi engulfs the nutrients

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19
Q

Monosaccharide

A

Sugars composed of just one type of sugar

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20
Q

Disaccharide

A

Sugars composed of 2 types of sugar

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21
Q

Trisaccharide

A

Sugars composed of 3 types of sugar

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22
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

Sugars composed of a few types of sugars

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23
Q

Polysaccharide

A

Sugars composed of multiple types of sugars

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24
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Absorption along the concentration gradient that doesn’t require energy

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25
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Diffusion along the concentration gradient that requires a carrier protein

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26
Q

Active transport

A

Against the concentration gradient which requires energy and a carrier protein

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27
Q

Amylose

A

Carbohydrate made of α-D-glucose, straight α1-4 chains, found in plants

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28
Q

Amylopectin

A

α-D-glucose carbohydrate that uses branched α1-6 chains. e.g. Isomaltose

29
Q

Cellulose

A

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Undigestible in carnivores

30
Q

Hemicellulose

A

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Undigestible in carnivores

31
Q

Glycogen

A

An animal carbohydrate identical to Amylopectin but with more branches

32
Q

Carbohydrate

A

Substrates that come from photosynthesis in plants. They are a principle form of energy and primarily composed of C,H,O

33
Q

Starch

A

Slowly digested carbohydrate in non-ruminants. Found inside the cell

34
Q

Lignin

A

A soluble carbohydrate found in the cell wall. Non-digestible in carnivores

35
Q

Amylase

A

Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down amylose

36
Q

Lactase

A

Lactose -> galactose + glucose

37
Q

Sucrase

A

Sucrose -> glucose + fructose

38
Q

Maltase

A

Maltose -> glucose + glucose

39
Q

Isomaltase

A

Isomaltose -> glucose + glucose

40
Q

Cellulase

A

Breaks down cellulose

41
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Making new glycogen from glucose

42
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Breakdown of glycogen to make glucose

43
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Making new sugars from non-CHO’s e.g. Amino acids/VFA’s

44
Q

Glycolysis

A

Initial breakdown of glucose

45
Q

In vivo

A

“in the body”

46
Q

In vitro

A

“in glass”

47
Q

In situ

A

“in the original place”

48
Q

Allosteric modifiers

A

These change how the enzyme works by binding to the active site, either increasing or decreasing the affinity for substrates

49
Q

Regurgitation

A

Process by which food is sent back from the stomach to the mouth

50
Q

Prehension

A

Getting hold of food

51
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

52
Q

Insulin

A

A hormone in the pancreas which stimulate glucose absorption, ↓ glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis, ↓ fat mobilisation, ↑ glycolysis/fat deposits

53
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone ↑ blood glucose/glycogenolysis/gluconeogenesis, ↓ glycolysis.

54
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone for fight/flight. Aids in the breakdown of muscle glycogen, ↑ blood glucose/fat mobilisation, ↓ fat deposition

55
Q

Glycosuria

A

Sugar in the urine

56
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urine

57
Q

Polydipsea

A

Excessive thirst

58
Q

Ketosis

A

Excessive ketone production. (Post partum cows, Pre partum ewes, starved animals)

59
Q

Monoglyceride

A

Single fatty acid

60
Q

Diglyceride

A

2 fatty acids

61
Q

Triglyceride

A

3 fatty acids

62
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acids without double bonds

63
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

Fatty acids with at least one double bond

64
Q

Essential fatty acid

A

Fatty acids that have to be taken in through the diet eg. Linoleic, Linolenic.

65
Q

Phospholipids

A

Compound lipid important for cell signalling/communication

66
Q

Lipoproteins

A

Compound lipid; carrier protein sometimes associated with cholestrol. Full of fat

67
Q

HDL

A

High Density Lipoproteins - not much fat, pick it up and takes away

68
Q

LDL

A

Low Density Lipoproteins - deposits fat which can lead to plaque formation

Animal Nutrition (1 decks)

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