Final Exam Flashcards
*This is a low, sad state marked by a lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt or related symptoms.
depression
*This is a state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking.
mania
*Shirley suffers from the alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression known as:
bipolar disorder.
*Maria describes herself as “miserable,” has lost her sense of humor, and is displaying ___________, or the inability to experience any pleasure at all.
anhedonia
*According to DSM-5, a major depressive episode is a period marked by at least ___________ symptoms of depression and lasts for ___________ weeks or more.
five; two
Kevin has only experienced depressive symptoms and has no history of mania. He would be suffering from:
unipolar depression.
Around ___________ percent of adults in the United States suffer from a severe unipolar pattern of depression in any given year, while as many as 5 percent suffer from mild forms.
8
Around ___________ percent of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression at some point in their lives.
19
Women are ___________ as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression.
twice
As many as ___________ percent of women may have an episode of severe unipolar depression at some time in their lives, compared with ___________ percent of men.
26; 12
Approximately ___________ percent of people with unipolar depression recover, although around ___________ percent of them will have at least one other episode of depression later in their lives.
85; 40
It has been estimated that between ___________ percent of people who suffer from severe depression commit suicide.
6 and 15
Postpartum depression typically begins within ___________ weeks after the birth of a child.
four
The “baby blues” are so common that as many as ___________ percent of women experience them.
80
In postpartum depression, depressive symptoms continue and may last up to a:
year
Women who experience postpartum depression have a ___________ percent chance of developing it again with a subsequent birth.
25 to 50
All women experience a kind of hormone “withdrawal” after delivery, as estrogen and progesterone levels, which rise as much as ___________ times above normal during pregnancy, now drop sharply to levels far below normal.
50
Matt has had previous major depressive episodes, and currently presents with depression but no history of mania. His likely diagnosis is:
major depressive disorder.
Evelyn presents with depressive symptoms that have not remitted for the last two years. Her symptoms are not that disabling and she is able to handle a few aspects of her life. Her likely diagnosis is:
dysthymic disorder.
A reactive depression is referred to as:
exogenous.
Depression that seems to be a response to internal factors is referred to as:
endogenous
Concerning whether a predisposition to depression is inherited, researchers have found that as many as ___________ percent of the relatives of those with unipolar depression are depressed.
20
When an identical twin had unipolar depression, there was a ___________ percent chance that the other twin would have the same disorder, according to one study
46
When a fraternal twin had unipolar depression, there was a ___________ percent chance that the other twin would have the same disorder, according to one study
20
A number of researchers have found that individuals who are depressed often have an abnormality of their 5-HTT gene, located on chromosome:
17
Low activity of these two neurotransmitters has been strongly linked to unipolar depression.
serotonin and norepinephrine
People who experience a recurrence of depression each winter may secrete more ___________ during the winter’s long nights than other individuals do.
melatonin
Several imaging studies have found lower activity and blood flow in the ___________ cortex of depressed research participants.
prefrontal
This area, located just under the part of the brain called the cingulate cortex, tends to be smaller in depressed people than nondepressed people.
Brodmann Area 25
During an ECT procedure, two electrodes are attached to the patient’s head and ___________ volts of electricity are passed through the brain for a half second or less.
65 to 140
The brain seizure caused by ECT lasts from ___________ seconds to a few minutes.
25
After 6 to 12 ECT treatments, spaced over ___________ weeks, most patients feel less depressed.
two to four
Studies find that ___________ percent of ECT patients improve.
60 to 80
Parnate and Nardil are:
MAO inhibitors.
People who take ___________ may experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat foods containing the chemical tyramine.
MAO inhibitors.
Desipramine and imipramine are:
tricyclics
These medications were discovered accidentally as researchers were looking for a new drug to combat schizophrenia.
tricyclics
About ___________ percent of patients who take tricyclics are helped by them.
60 to 65
In a practice called ___________ therapy, clinicians typically keep patients on tricyclics for five months or more after being free of depressive symptoms.
maintenance
Effexor and Cymbalta are:
second-generation antidepressants.
Lexapro and Zoloft are:
SSRIs
In studies of severely depressed people who have not responded to any other form of treatment, as many as 40 percent improve significantly when treated with:
vagus nerve stimulation.
This technique involves stimulating the brain without subjecting depressed individuals to the undesired effects or trauma of ECT.
transcranial magnetic stimulation
These theorists emphasize relationships and propose that depression results when people’s relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure.
object relations
He believes that feelings of helplessness are at the center of depression.
Seligman
He believes that negative thinking lies at the heart of depression.
Beck
According to Beck, individuals repeatedly interpret their experiences, themselves, and their futures in negative ways that lead them to feel depressed. He calls this:
the cognitive triad.
Cognitive therapy follows four phases and usually requires fewer than ___________ sessions.
20
Depressed adults who receive cognitive-behavioral therapy improve much more than those who receive placebos or no treatment at all, with ___________ percent showing a near-total elimination of their symptoms.
50 to 60
Across the United States, people who are separated or divorced display ___________ times the depression rate of married or widowed persons.
three
This is a treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one’s interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery.
interpersonal psychotherapy
Depressive symptoms disappear in ___________ percent of clients who receive interpersonal psychotherapy.
50 to 60
This theory holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men.
artifact
*This theory suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men.
life stress
This theory suggests that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men over their lives.
lack-of-control
This theory suggests that women in Western society are taught to seek a low body weight and slender body shape.
body dissatisfaction
*People are considered to be in a full manic episode when they display an abnormally high or irritable mood for at least:
one week.
*John experiences full manic and depressive episodes and would be diagnosed with:
bipolar I disorder.
Sharon experiences mild manic episodes that alternate with major depressive episodes over the course of time. She would be diagnosed with:
bipolar II disorder.
Surveys from around the world indicate that between ___________ percent of all adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time.
1 and 2.6
*The onset of bipolar disorder usually occurs between the ages of ___________ years.
15 and 44
The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks.
cyclothymic disorder
*Research suggests that mania may be linked to low ___________activity.
serotonin
Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a ___________ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder.
40
Fraternal twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a ___________ percent likelihood of developing the same disorder.
5 to 10
This was a watershed medication for bipolar disorder when it was approved by the FDA in 1970.
lithium
*The medications used for bipolar disorders are called:
mood stabilizers.
More than ___________ percent of patients with bipolar disorder improve through the use of mood stabilizing agents.
60
The risk of relapse is ___________ times greater if patients stop taking a mood stabilizer.
28
___________ percent or more of patients with bipolar disorders may not respond to lithium or a related drug, may not receive the proper dose, or may relapse while taking it.
Thirty
*What is the term that refers to an unsuccessful attempt to kill one’s self?
parasuicide
*Suicide can be caused by immediate or long-term stressors. Which of the following would NOT be considered a long-term stressor?
loss of a loved one through death
*In support of Freud’s view, researchers have found a relationship between ___________ and later suicidal behaviors.
childhood loss
*During World War II, the Japanese military got a reputation for being ruthless warriors, largely based on the kamikaze pilots who would sacrifice their own lives to crash their planes into enemy installments. In the theory of Emile Durkheim, this would be an example of:
altruistic suicide.
*Low levels of serotonin have been found in the brains of those who commit suicide. This neurotransmitter deficiency has been found to be linked to all but which of the following effects which may contribute to suicidal behaviors?
increased frequency of hallucinations
*The rate of ___________ suicides has been rising more than that of any age group in recent years, a trend that is not fully understood.
middle-age
*Research indicates that ___________ therapy may be of the most help for suicidal individuals.
cognitive-behavioral
*Which of the following is NOT one of the initial responsibilities of a counselor at a suicide prevention program when responding to a caller?
alerting law enforcement authorities to the caller
*A loss of contact with reality is known as:
psychosis
*These are the most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia.
auditory
*Ron attended the funeral of a family member and began laughing during the service. This is best explained by:
inappropriate affect.
*This theory states that schizophrenia results from an excess of this neurotransmitter.
dopamine hypothesis
*A low level of ___________ is the main reason for uncontrollable shaking seen in patients with Parkinson’s and patients taking conventional antipsychotics.
dopamine
*The symptoms of personality disorders typically become recognizable in:
adolescence or early adulthood.
*DSM-V identifies ___________ personality disorders.
10
*Which of the following is NOT clusters into which personality disorders are separated?
linguistic, referential, disorganized
*Which of the following is not categorized within the “odd” cluster of personality disorders?
narcissistic personality disorder
*People who suffer from one of the personality disorders categorized within the “odd” cluster often display symptoms that are related to but are not as severe as:
schizophrenia
*The cluster of “dramatic” personality disorders includes all but which of the following diagnoses?
dependent personality disorder
*Which of the following adjectives is the best one-word summary of borderline personality disorder?
unstable
*Which of the following is not categorized within the “anxious” cluster of personality disorders?
paranoid personality disorder
*___________ personality disorder shares many features with social anxiety disorder.
Avoidant
*Symptoms of intrusive memories may include:
Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event
Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks)
Upsetting dreams about the traumatic event
All of the above.
