Final Exam Flashcards
One of the major reasons Dendrogyra cylindricus is having a hard time is a combination of bleaching followed by diseased outbreaks.
True or False
False
An ecosystem is the result of the:
A. Interaction among organisms and their environment
B. Dynamic interaction among organisms and their environment
C. Dynamic interactions among populations and their environment
D. Dynamic interactions among populations of different species and their environment.
D. Dynamic interactions among populations of different species and their environment.
Which element explains diversity at ecological time scale?
A. migration at global scales
B. speciation at local scales
C. competitive interaction at local scales
D. connectivity at global scales
C. competitive interaction at local scales
What is a good definition of ecological resilience?
A. The ability of system to absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change while continuing to maintain essential functions and process?
B. The ability of system to bounce back from a disturbance after being exposed to high and continuous levels of stress.
C. The ability of system absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change after being exposed to high and continuous levels of stress.
A. The ability of system to absorb, resist or recover from disturbances or to adopt to change while continuing to maintain essential functions and process?
Which are the main Ecological service that can be economically evaluated?
Provisioning_________________ Food, medicnes, construction and materials
Regulating ________ protection of shorness, water quality maintained
Cultural_______ Tourism, spiritual beliefs
Supporting_____ Maintenance of basic life support system
Scarine are characterized by their dental plates; they are important organisms shaping the structure of algal communities and provide clear areas for settlement for larvae.
True
False
True
The sponge skeletal system is a mix of
mesophyl, slcerocytes and choanocytes
Spicules, sclerocytes and spongin
spicules, choanocytes and mesophyl
Choanocytes, spicules and archaeocytes
Spicules, sclerocytes and spongin
Calcification process in reef corals involve the photosynthetic contribution of the symbiotic zooxanthellae and the function of the calicoblastic tissue. The calicodermis facilitates the production of bicarbonate that eventually interacts with calcium in the organic matrix depositing the aragaoniteskeleton.
True
False
True
Bleaching is a coral response to stress, which are the known causes of bleaching?
A. high temperatures
B. High temperature, pollution, sedimentation, sewages, discharge
C. Climate change
D. overgrowth of sea stars , increase of diseases and decrease of Co2
B. High temperature, pollution, sedimentation, sewages, discharge
Some fish, such as damselfishes are characterized as intense cultivators, they cultivate toxic and non-palatable algae to protect themselves from predators.
true
false
false
Foraminifera are single cell protists that
can be used as paleoindicators of temperature and environmental conditions in geological time scales.
can be used as paleoindicators of salinity and pH conditions in geological time scales because they reproduce asexually and rapidly.
are classified based on the shape and size of their shells and type of life cycle because they only reproduce asexually
can be used as paleoindicators of temperature and environmental conditions in geological time scales
Columnar corals, known as Dendrogyra cylindricus, is a very common species found in almost ALL reefs along the Florida Reef track.
A. true
B. false
B. false
Which are the scales at which an ecosystem phase shift can have consequences and need to be understood. A. Geological Scale B. Ecological Scale C. Physiological scale D. Geomorphic Scale E. All of the above
E. All of the above
In which geological period the first biogenic reefs appeared, they were dominated by which type of organisms?
A. Cambrian- sponges and scleratins
B. Precambrian –cyanobacteria and other microbial life
B. Precambrian –cyanobacteria and other microbial life
The Pleistocene was characterized by several glaciation that resulted in changes in the sea level. The study of changes through time conclude that
origination and extinction of species are the major responses of coral reef that results in modification of reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the center of origin of diversity and abundance of coral reefs.
the differences can be explained by the fact that the Center for the origin of diversity is in the Indo-Pacific. The distance from the region to the Western Atlantic is too big and species have not have the time yet to move across the globe.
growth and die-off are the major responses of coral reef that results in modification of reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the central coral reef theory.
glaciation and erosion are the major drivers of coral reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the glaciation control theory.
glaciation and erosion are the major drivers of coral reef morphology, and the body of concepts, evidences and facts are known as the glaciation control theory.
Which species is known to be a Key Stone species in the western Caribbean because it controls macroalgae abundance?
Diadema antillarum
Petrolisthes galathinus
Trididemnum solidum
All options are wrong
Diadema antillarum
The Center of Origin theory is generally accepted by modern scientists to explain the present patterns of diversity of coral reefs in the planet.
True
False
False
The largest massive extinction that affected all marine life in the planet was related to—- and occurred during the —–
A combination of elevated CO2 followed by cooling of the earth ——– during the Permian period
A combination of low levels CO2 and high levels of other gases in the atmosphere produced cooling of the earth ——– during the Cambrian period
A severe and prolonged cooling of the earth—— during the late Ordovcian
A combination of low levels of CO2 that decreased temperature in the tropics ——– during the Mesozoic period
A combination of elevated CO2 followed by cooling of the earth ——– during the Permian period
Some local factors that threat coral reefs are fishing pressure, el Niño resulting in bleaching and increase in storms.
A. True
B. false
B. false
Columnar corals, known as Dendrogyra cylindricus, is a very common species found in almost ALL reefs along the Florida Reef track.
True
False
False
Parrot fish are abundant and have feeding habits related with their teeth characteristics
Example of excavator species is the scarine Sparisoma viride
Cthnochaetus striatus is an excavator belonging to the group of surgeonfish
Damselfish are the best excavator species of coral reefs
Only echinoderms are known to be good excavators in coral reef
Example of excavator species is the scarine Sparisoma viride
Damselfish are the most divers group of fish that inhabit coral reefs. They have several roles including
browsers and scrapers
intense cultivators and active cultivators
scrapers and intense cultivators
carnivores and omnivores
intense cultivators and active cultivators
A group of Annelids that is characterized by its broad spectrum of feeding habits is
Polychaetes
Tunicates
Sipunculans
All of those groups have broad spectrum of feeding habits
Polychaetes
Reefs are typically dived into distinct zones some of the most common are:
spur and groove, flat reef, crest reef, and fringing reef
fore reef, deep outer fore reef, back reef, crest
fringing reef, atoll, spur and groove, barrier reef
reef crest, fore reef, back reef and reef flat
reef crest, fore reef, back reef and reef flat
Which factors are important during recruitment for the formation of the robust reproductive population and maintenance of high
A. All of the alternatives provided are wrong because food is not important during recruitment process.
B. Appropriate habitat, food, and substrata
C. Appropriate substrata, food and reproductive adults.
D. Appropriate flux of larvae and post larvae, high abundance of mature adults and food
B. Appropriate habitat, food, and substrata
What groups do Corals belong ? A. Protista B. Eumetazoa C. parazoa D.Fungi
B. Eumetazoa
Coral reefs live in the tropics which includes? A. warm tropical climate B. Low latitudes C. High solar insolation D. Warm water currents E. all of the above
E. all of the above
Reefs are know to live in oligotrophic waters, characterized by war, clear rich in nutrients.
True
False
False
Species diversity is measured by?
A. change in diversity across an environment gradient
B. species or genetic richness
C. Richness in ecological roles or functional
D. species of genetic changes along an environment.
B. species or genetic richness
This is a relationship: What is the biggest secret for a great relationship?
A. communication and ___ amounts of quality
B. Give and take in equality
C. communication independent of giving and taking.
A. communication and ___ amounts of quality
The bases for mineral deposition in organisms is ?
A. a scaffold formed by an organic matrix of polymers that facilitate ion concentration
B. a matrix of basis nucleic acid that facilitate
A. a scaffold formed by an organic matrix of polymers that facilitate ion concentration
What is a species?
A. Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the other such groups
B. Individuals that can interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other such individuals.
C. Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are physically isolated from other such groups.
A. Group of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from the other such groups
A pathway by which chemical element or molecules move through both biotic and abiotic compartments of the planet?
A. True B. False
A. True
Which are the major synergistic effect companies that coral reefs presently are facing?
A. increase in temperature , declines in water quality and increase in CO2 combines results in coral bleaching , reducing calcification and proliferation of disease producing a phase shift towards coral depauperated system.
B. Increase in disease, proliferation of microalgae and decrease of calcification result in a loss of fish and a phase shift towards a coral dominated system.
C. loss of ecological forces such as tolerance resistance and adaptation.
D. loss of functional redundancy, diversity and species richness
A. increase in temperature , declines in water quality and increase in CO2 combines results in coral bleaching , reducing calcification and proliferation of disease producing a phase shift towards coral depauperated system.
General classification of Corals
eukarya, animalia, eumetaoza, radial symmetry and cnidarian
Life histories can be defined for species with opportunistic, periodic and equilibrium strategies opportunistic species are characterized by species small to medium in adult size, low reproductive output and grow slowly.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Compensation depth:
A. Depth at which productivity is at its highest
B. Depth which respiration equal production
B. Depth which respiration equal production
What are two major effects: A nitrogen B. biodiversity C. A and B are correct D. none of the above
C. A and B are correct
The loss of connectivity reduces the gamete exchange, and larval dispersal reducing population genetic diversity.
True
False
True
As a result of climate change some coral reefs are growing in low alkalinity waters, like those in Panama, showing lower cementation rates than those living in high alkalinity areas.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Is bleaching a disturbance or a stressor?
A. Disturbance
B. A Stressor
A. Disturbance
What is a coral? Is it Eukaryota, metazoan, Radial symmetry
A. True B. False
A. True
Reef connectivity can refer to the flux of different biological attributes. An example is
Exchange of propagules between locations
Exchanges of propagules between species
Flux of propagules between species
Flux of genetic propagule
Exchange of propagules between locations
Three important events are related with the loss of structure and resilience in Jamaica between 1975 and 1990. Two abiotic and die –off keystone species caused the rapid spread of a disease resulted in the loss of structure and fish resulting a proliferation of macro algae.
A.True
B. False
A.True
Scarine fish are a type of durophagous species because they have a powerful oral jaws used to bite hard preys such as echinoderms
agree
disagree
disagree
Biodiversity is the description of the number of species found in one time independent of space.
True
False
False
Marine reserves are working as a conservation tool in marine ecosystems. Sometimes having large reserves is very difficult. An alternative is the establishment of networks. Some times these reserves can provide higher levels of habitat diversity, and offer significantly higher level of protection that a single reserve.
Answers: True
False
True
Two species with identical needs for the same limiting resources can not exist unless?
A. they decrease their density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship
B. they are able to selectively increase their population abundance
C. they increase their density by reducing growth fertility of survivor ship.
D. they increase one species density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship of the second.
A. they decrease their density by reducing growth, fertility or survivorship
White Band Diseases is the results of a very well known bacteria that invaded coral reefs in the late 1970s’ causing mortality in almost 99 % of all coral species in the Caribbean.
A. True
B. False
B. False
How is the energy of the sun captured and transformed in biological activity?
A. Through heat accumulated in water
B. Through photosynthetic activity of primary producers
C. Through incidence of sun and activation of water molecules in the ocean
D. A and B are correct
B. Through photosynthetic activity of primary producers
What is a primary producer?
A. organisms that produce in organic compounds from organic compounds
B. Organisms that produce biomass from inorganic compound
C. Organism that produce organic compound from organic compounds
B. Organisms that produce biomass from inorganic compound
What is a biogeochemical cycle?
A pathway by which organisms move through both biotic and abiotic compartments of the planet?
A. True B. False
B. False
Major role of photosynthetic bacteria in coral reefs are
They fix CO2, produce biomass, fix phosphorus and nitrogen,produce palatable compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of contemporary reefs.
They fix CaCO3, produce biomass, fix iron,produce palatable compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of contemporary reefs.
They are primary producers, produce biomass, fix nitrogen, produce O2, produce toxic compounds and facilitate calcification.
They fix phosphorous, produce proteins, fix carbon,produce toxic compounds and are the major calcification and cementing agents of the reef.
They are primary producers, produce biomass, fix nitrogen, produce O2, produce toxic compounds and facilitate calcification.
Biodiversity is the description of the number of species found in one time independent of space?
A. True
B. False
B. False
Which elements explain diversity at evolutionary time scale
A. plate tectonic at local scales
B. speciation at local scales
C. speciation and extinction at global scales
D. connectivity at local scales
C. speciation and extinction at global scales
The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the
stroma of the chloroplast
cytoplasm of the cell
mitochondria
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast
Which are the major event that affect coral reefs at geological scales?
A. Eras of diversification, sea level change and mass extinction
B. Eras of diversification/ extinction, glaciation, sea level, and change of movement of plate tectonics.
B. Eras of diversification/ extinction, glaciation, sea level, and change of movement of plate tectonics.
The ocean is said to be a buffer for atmosphere CO2 because it has the capacity to store it through several chemical reactions including carbonic acid, bicarbonate carbonate calcium. Eventually under buffer conditions CO2 will form CaCo3 is the basic chemical used for Bio mineralization
A. true B. False
A. true
What is a fundamental need for life if its not present life can not exsit? A. Homeostasis B. Energy C. Temperature around 35 c D. Movement
B. Energy
Which are the main variables used to classify the marine biomes?
Light, Depth, Benthic or pelagic,
Position: Bottom and top
One of the major reasons Dendrogyra cylindricus is having a hard time is a combination of bleaching followed by diseased outbreaks.
A. true
B. false
B. false
What is a coral reef?
Diverse and sensitive in tropical climate, benthic hard substrate & photic zone. Coral reefs specific agents to be formed. You need geological structure through geological time.
A. true B. False
A. true
Sponges are members of the phylum Anthozoa, they lack digestive cavity and nerve system. They are known as parazoa because they lack true tissues. Some species can be important bioeroders.
True
False
False
Calcite and aragonite are similar minerals, they only differ in
That calcite is formed from CaCO3, and aragonite is formed from a CaMg3 polymorph.
Calcite and aragonite are polymorphs from the same mineral known as calcium carbonate.
Aragonite is a less stable polymorph than calcite due to its link to a Mg.
Aragonite is only present in animal origin tissues and calcite is only present in plant origin tissues
Calcite and aragonite are polymorphs from the same mineral known as calcium carbonate.
What is an ecosystem services?
A. quantifiable services that an ecosystem provides to animal and plant.
B. A service ecosystem provide nature
C. A quantifiable services that and ecosystem provides to humans
C. A quantifiable services that and ecosystem provides to humans
Reef connectivity can refer to the flux or different biological attributes. An example is :
A. Exchange of propagules between locations
B. Exchange of propagules between species
C. Flux of propagules between species
D. Flux of genetic propagules
B. Exchange of propagules between species
The process of bio mineralization is closely related with levels of CO2 in the atmosphere?
A. true B. false
A. true
Grazing usually affect the natural succession of macroalgae by consuming late tall fleshy and leathery species of algae before they can grow.
A. true
B. False
A. true
Crustose coralline algae are Rhodophyta, a type of red algae that calcifies. The calcification process implies in some cases active intracellular activity and not only extracellular processes. They play important roles in coral reefs including maintenance of open space and provide sites for larval recruitment.
True
False
True
What is the role of photosynthesis?
to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules
Acclimatization is an important concept to understand how corals respond to stressors for example:
A. increase in production of sunscreen as a response to high irradiance levels.
B. escape from stress only larvae can do this by selecting particular habitats.
C. specie that have adaptive responses implying an evolutionary change.
D. expansion of distribution spatial range or moving towards other geographical locations
A. increase in production of sunscreen as a response to high irradiance levels.
Montastrea cavernosa is a branching coral that grows in the Caribbean reaching heights up to 25 m. They are massive reef builders that are very sensitive to temperature stress events. In the late 1980 a temperature stress event killed approximately 70% of the colonies. Almost 30 % of those colonies were able to recover and helped re-build coral reefs in the region.
True
False
False
Spill over effect is the net emigration of adults of juvenile of mobile organisms across protected zone boundaries toward are where fishing is allowed.
A. True
B. False
A. True
Photosynthesis is the process that converts inorganic molecules into organic molecules using light as source of energy and producing O2 as a byproduct.
True
False
True
How you call the process by which organisms can excavate or facilitate the solution of CaCo3 in coral reefs. What is the name of the process an the name of the species facility in the process?
A. erosion and sea crabs
B. Bioerosion and bioeroders
C. Mechanical erosion and reef builders
B. Bioerosion and bioeroders
Crustose Coraline are?
A. Calcifying cementing rhodophltyes and that form atoll or help cementing coral reefs
B. Rhodophya with a large diversity of species include
A. Calcifying cementing rhodophltyes and that form atoll or help cementing coral reefs
Montastrea cavernosa is a branching coral that grows in the Caribbean reaching heights up to 25 m. They are massive reef builders that are very sensitive to temperature stress events. In the late 1980 a temperature stress event killed approximately 70% of the colonies. Almost 30 % of those colonies were able to recover and helped re-build coral reefs in the region.
A. True
B. False
B. False
Coral reefs are in dire straits, 3/4 of all coral reefs in the planet are facing extinction, this means that by 2020 we will not have coral reefs anymore.
True
False
false
Many organisms use Caco3 the major forms are: A. dolomite and vaterile B. Calcite and olomite C. Aragonite and calcite D. Valerile and Calcite
C. Aragonite and calcite
We know coral reefs are under heavy stress, however we can still help them recover. which are some important strategies and policies that can help them?
Cut CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as snappers, eliminate coastal development, protect mangroves and seagrass and keep connectivity with coral reefs.
Cut to a minimum CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as parrotfish, regulate coastal development, control land-based pollution.
Eliminate CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as lobsters, eliminate coastal development, eliminate human population growth.
All of the above are correct
Cut to a minimum CO2 emissions, eliminate harvest of ecologically important species such as parrotfish, regulate coastal development, control land-based pollution.
Some local factors that threat coral reefs are fishing pressure, el nino result in bleaching and increase storms
A. True
B. False
B. False
What is a major source of problems for coral reefs - the elephant in the room- when referring to major causes for reef destructions and stress?
A. Increase in temperature and decrease in alkalinity
B. Increase in cyclone intensity due to climate change
C. Increase in sewage discharges and overfishing
D. Increase in human population
D. Increase in human population
Based on your reading the evidences used to test the hypothesis of Central Origin of diversity included the distribution of associated fauna living in mangrove
True
False
True
Reef lagoons characterized by strong circulation localized close to shallow reed crests will result in
Lagoons that will promote calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point.
Lagoons that will decrease calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, low levels of carbonate calcium and not enough light for production below the compensation point.
Lagoons that will dilute calcification and promote reef erosion due to strong currents with elevated pH and dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point.
Lagoons that will dilute calcification and promote reef erosion due to strong currents with elevated pH and dissolved oxygen, small quantities of planktons, low levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point.
Lagoons that will promote calcification and reef accretion due to elevated dissolved oxygen, large quantities of planktons, high levels of carbonate calcium and enough light for production above the compensation point
Graph pictures Kelp and Urchin
TOP-DOWN CONTROL
In the benzic you have the most species diversity
True or false
True
The genetic diversity of the species Dendrogyra cylindricus is high enough in the Florida track that it will be almost impossible to lose genetic populations at all.
True or False
False
What is an ecosystem phase shift? A. A shift in all environment B. A shift in species dominance C. A temporal lose of resilience D. A series of unfortunate events
B. A shift in species dominance
Crystals are formed by mineral when they become ———- with a regularly repeating ——- atomic structure.
polyhedral solid —– three dimension
geometric form ——– four dimensional forms
crystal systems —— c-axis
a crystal face ——- crystal lographic axes
polyhedral solid —– three dimension
What is a major source of problem for coral reefs – the elephant in the room- when referring to major causes for reef destructions and stress?
A. climate change
B. coastal development
C. Human population increase
D. frequency and magnitude of stressful events
C. Human population increase
Scientist study the magnitude and synergies between stressors; what other elements of the analysis are equally important to the understanding of their impact on coral reefs?
A. stressors are usually in pulses and their intervals between stressful events are becoming shorter.
B. Overfishing is a stressor that needs to be analyzed by itself because no synergistic effect has been detected by scientist and is the major local stressors that can be controlled.
C. Human stressors are overlooked, however their synergistic effect is regulated by local users of the coral reef.
D. Climate change is the major present stressor for coral reefs, it has to be considered as a force that is increasing the intervals between stressful events.
A. stressors are usually in pulses and their intervals between stressful events are becoming shorter.
The light-independent reaction in photosynthesis is limited by
CO2, temperature, and light
oxygen, water, and temperature
CO2, light, and water
water, temperature, and CO2
water, temperature, and CO2
Coral reef are structures that ?
A. have a biological origin, constructed by organisms
B.
C. have biological origin that precipitates CaCO3 and binders and bafflers
C. have biological origin that precipitates CaCO3 and binders and bafflers
Increasing in fishing pressure has resulted in a decline of fish in coral reefs creating a negative loop that results in a phase-shift to algal dominated ecosystems.
True
False
True
Where in the Marine environments will have higher variability of salinity? A. Bathypelagic B. Littoral C. Nertic D. mesopelagic
B. Littoral
What is an invertebrate
A. A parametazoa or eumetazoa that lacks spinal cord
B. An paroza that has a head and tail connected by a spinal cord
C. An eumetazoa that has a spinal cord protected by a set of vertebrates
A. A parametazoa or eumetazoa that lacks spinal cord
Mumby paper analyze the drivers of algal and coral balance
The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are not high enough to maintain the population.
The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that algae biomassdominate over coral size.
The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are limited by sponge overpopulation and decrease of Diadema antillarum.
The key feature of a stable coral-depauperate reef state is that coral recruitment rates are not high enough to maintain the population.
How the advent of photosynthesis and increase of primary producers’ abundance transformed climate on Earth?
Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to a decrease of green gases resulting in lower temperatures.
Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to an increase of green gases resulting in lower temperatures.
Primary producers produced CO2 leading to an increase of green gases resulting in higher temperatures.
All of the above are wrong because primary producers were not able to transform climate on Earth.
Primary producers consumed CO2 leading to a decrease of green gases resulting in lower temperatures
Fringing reefs are characterized by forming a narrow ribbon near the shoreline, and they have a clear coastal lagoon separating land from the reef.
True
False
False
The Rocas Atoll is localized in ___________________ which is a zone characterized by low light known as ________________. Is a reef essentially formed by _________ in this particular cases known as _____________________
South Atlantic——— Mesophotic———- crustose coralline algae —–rhodoliths
South Atlantic——— photic———- calcifying organism —–step-shaped reef
Atlantic——— aphotic———- calcifying algae —–deep reef
South Atlantic——— euphotic———- calcifying crust —–step-shaped reef from rodoliths
South Atlantic——— Mesophotic———- crustose coralline algae —–rhodoliths
What are coral reefs?
A. A group of rocks
B. Rock of biogenic origin
C. Rocks with fish around
B. Rock of biogenic origin
Some characteristics of the Anthozoans are
The body is divided in gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as sea anemones and milleporas. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.
The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.
The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis, and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.
The body is divided in epidermis, gastrodermis and mesoglea, they have numerous nematocysts and are divided in two subclasses known as Hexcorallia and Octacorallia. They do not have a medusae stage as part of their life cycle.
The genetic diversity of the species Dendrogyra cylindricus is high enough in the Florida track that it will be almost impossible to lose genetic populations at all.
A. true
B. false
B. false
It’s a picture---- The absorpotion spectrum of the dominate pigment in this leaf is most likely ? A. A B. B C. C D. D
C.
What is a coral reef phase shift?
change of abundance in species .
Does some Cyanobacteria have the ability to act as bioeroders of coral reefs?
True
False
True
What gas is the found biggest in the atmosphere? A. oxygen B. Co2 C. Nitrogen D. Phosphorous
C. Nitrogen
Corals are a type of Cnidaria with a life cycle that lacks the medusae form. A typical example of organisms in this group are the milleporoid corals.
True
False
False
