Final Exam

Question 1

Stroke warning signs

Answer 1

1. Sudden numbness
2. Sudden tingling
3. Sudden headache
4. Sudden confusion
5. Sudden trouble speaking
6. Sudden balance issues
7. Sudden trouble seeing

Question 2

FAST

Answer 2

Face, Arms, Speech–Time to call 911!

Question 3

How many people are affected by stroke each year?

Answer 3

795,000

Question 4

How many strokes per year are first or new strokes?

Answer 4

610,00

Question 5

What percentage of strokes are ischemic?

Answer 5

87%

Question 6

Transient Ischemic Attack

Answer 6

Stroke that resolves within 24 hours; 1/2 fail to report, 1/4 die within one year

Question 7

Which ethnicities are more prone to stroke?

Answer 7

African American and Hispanic (2-3x more likely than whites)

Question 8

Layers of the brain

Answer 8

1. Scalp
2. Cranium
3. Dura mater
4. Arachnoid
5. Subarachnoid space
6. Pia mater
7. Cerebral cortex

Question 9

Central and Lateral fissure names

Answer 9

Rolandic and Sylvian

Question 10

Broadmann’s Areas 44, 45

Answer 10

Broca’s aphasia

Question 11

Broadmann’s Areas 22, 39, 40, 41, 42

Answer 11

Associated with Wernicke’s area

Question 12

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 12

Fibers that connect Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas–vital for repetition

Question 13

Insula Cortex

Answer 13

Expressive language and motor speech

Question 14

Basal ganglia

Answer 14

Very important for cognitive and language information

Question 15

Internal Capsule

Answer 15

Contains both ascending and descending axons; damage can cause significant motor and sensory deficits

Question 16

Internal corotid

Answer 16

Feeds into MCA, which covers majority of cortex

Question 17

Watershed regions

Answer 17

Regions without major blood supplies–more likely to be damaged in a stroke

Question 18

Ischemia v. Infarction

Answer 18

Tissue damage v. tissue death

Question 19

Thrombosis

Answer 19

Build up of plaque causing a blockage

Question 20

Embolism

Answer 20

Plaque travelling from elsewhere in the body, causing a blockage

Question 21

Hypoperfusion

Answer 21

Decreased bloodflow due to any of the above

Question 22

Penumbra

Answer 22

The area around the stroke where some neurons will recover and some will not

Question 23

Medical treatment for plaque

Answer 23

Surgical removal; tPA (for hemorrhagic only); stents

Question 24

Anteriovenous malformation (AVM)

Answer 24

Web of blood vessels, typically found in young adults

Question 25

Cerebral dominance

Answer 25

Left hemisphere in right-handed adults; right hemisphere for 15% of left-handed adults; bilateral for 15% of left-handed adults

Question 26

Aphasia is NOT

Answer 26

1. Slurred speech 2. confused langauge due to cognitive deficit 3. Pragmatic problem

Question 27

Literal paraphasia

Answer 27

Phonologic errors

Question 28

Semantic paraphasia

Answer 28

semantically-related but incorrect word

Question 29

Limitations Localization Models

Answer 29

Damage to only Broca's or Wernicke's areas does not cause aphasia, but damage in other areas can

Question 30

Broca's Aphasia

Answer 30

Anterior lesions; deficits in fluency and word retrieval; agrammatic output, 3-4 words per breath; poor, nonfluent repetition; generally preserved receptive language and self-monitoring

Question 31

Wernicke's aphasia

Answer 31

Posterior lesions; deficits in comprehension and self-monitoring; preserved fluency; paragrammatisms and neologisms

Question 32

Global aphasia

Answer 32

Severe impairments in all language functions; basic comprehension deficits; stereotypies in output

Question 33

Conduction aphasia

Answer 33

Lesions on the arcuate fasciculus; expression and comprehension are good but repetition is impaired; poor oral reading

Question 34

Transcortical aphasia

Answer 34

Motor--Broca's+spared repetition | Sensory--Wernicke's+spared repetition

Question 35

Interviewing guidelines

Answer 35

1. Quiet place 2. Consider including family 3. make pt comfortable 4. Explain who you are and why you're here 5. Get pt's story 6. Treat pt with respect 7. Communicate on pt's level

Question 36

Interviewing tips

Answer 36

1. Ask open-ended questions 2. Allow client to express feelings as well as physical symptoms 3. Be cautious regarding how much information you provide and when 4. Record information

Question 37

Stroke scales

Answer 37

1. NIH--15 item exam for acute patients 2. FIM--measures independence post-stroke 3. Stroke Impact Scale 5. BOSS (burden of stroke scale)`

Question 38

Modalities in Assessment

Answer 38

Input: Auditory and visual output: spoken, written, and gestural