Final Exam Flashcards
What is nursing?
“ putting the person in the best condition for nature to act…the focus of nursing [is] on health & the natural healing process, & NOT on disease & reparation” (Nightingale…in Smith & Parker, p. 4) - study of: “health or wholeness of human beings as they interact w/ their environment (Donaldson & Crowley); life process of unitary human beings (Rogers); care or caring (Leininger; Watson); & human-universe-health interrelationships (Parse)
- “study of caring in the human health experience”
Why is nursing a professional discipline?
nursing classified as professional discipline because nursing knowledge guides it’s professional practice
What is a discipline?
- includes networks of philosophies, theories, concepts, approaches to inquiry, research findings, & practices that reflects a professions unique perspective & distinguishes it from other fields of study
- “offers a unique perspective, a distinct way of viewing…phenomena, which ultimately defines the limits & nature of its inquiry”
What are the aspects of attitudes of disciplines?
- EXPRESSION OF HUMAN IMAGINATION (the theories of the discipline)
- DOMAIN (clearly define discipline; metaparadigms distinguish nursing from other disciplines)
- SYNTACTAL & CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURES (conceptual structures relate concepts of nursing theories; syntactical structures help nurses, etc. to understand talents, skills, and abilities of the community)
- SPECIALIZED LANGUAGE AND SYMBOLS (facilitates communication among members of the discipline)
- HERITAGE OF LITERATURE & NETWORKS OF COMMUNICATION (books, articles, literature developed over time)
- TRADITION (tradition and hx is evident over time; theories connect ideas from the past)
- VALUES AND BELIEFS (distinctive views of persons & strong commitments to compassionate & knowledgable care of persons; metaparadigms & paradigms)
- SYSTEM OF EDU. (nursing theories direct education)
Define Metaparadigm.
Metaparadigm is the broadest view.
Global perspective of a discipline that identifies the primary phenomena that are of interest to that discipline & explains how the discipline deals w/ those phenomena in a unique mannerReflects shared perspective.
What are the 4 nursing metaparadigms?
PERSON- a being composed of physical intellectual, biochemical & psychosocial needs; a human energy field, holistic being of the world an open system; an integrated whole, an adaptive system, & a being is greater that the sum of its parts
HEALTH- the ability to function independently; successful adaptation to life stressors; achievement of ones full life potential & unity of mind body and spirit;
ENVIRONMENT- typically refers to the external elements that affect the person internal & external conditions that influence the organism; significant others with whom the individual interacts; an open system that permits the flow of energy
NURSING- science, art & practice discipline, involving caring. Goals of nursing: care for well & sick, assist with selfceare, help attain human potential, & discover & use natures law of health
Define Paradigm.
Paradigm is the global, general framework made of assumptions about the aspects of the discipline held by members to be essential in the development of the discipline
Paradigm shift.
occurs when traditional thought is challenged by new ideas; multiple paradigms can coexist in a discipline providing different world views that guide scientific development
Grand theories and conceptual models/frameworks.
less abstract than the focus of paradigms, but more abstract than middle range theories; focus on phenomena of concern to the discipline; composed of concepts & relational statements (upon which theories are built)
Middle range theories.
theories broad enough to be useful in complex situations & appropriate for empirical testing; more narrow in scope; offer effective bridge between grand theories & the description & explanation of specific nursing phenomena
Practice level theories.
Most limited scope & level of abstraction; developed for use with in a specific range of nursing situations; more direct impact on practice
Associated research & practice traditions.
RESEARCH TRADITIONS- associated methods, procedures, & empirical indicators that guide inquiry related to the theory
PRACTICE TRADITIONS- consist of activities, protocols, processes, tools & practiced wisdom emerging from theory
Connect nursing theory the the CNO practice standard KNOWLEDGE. How does a nurse demonstrate this standard?
- providing theoretical &/or evidence-based rationale for decisions
- being informed & objective about various nursing roles
- be informed about nursing & its relationships in the health care system - understand legislation & standards relevant to nursing & the practice area
- understand knowledge required to meet needs of complex clients - having knowledge of how bio-psychosocial needs and cultural background relate to health care needs
- seek & review research in nursing/health sciences/related disciplines - using research to inform practice/professional service
- be aware of how practice environments affect professional practice
Connect nursing theory the the CNO practice standard KNOWLEDGE.
What are the additional responsibilities for an RN?
- contributing to the generation of new professional knowledge through research
- seeking & critiquing philosophical, theoretical and research- based literature in nursing, health care services, etc.
- using philosophy, theory and research to inform practice
Connect nursing theory the the CNO practice standard KNOWLEDGE & APPLICATION.
How does the nurse demonstrate this standard?
ensure practice is based in theory & evidence & meets all relevant standards/guidelines
- assess/describe client situation using a theory/ framework/evidence-based tool
- identify/recognize abnormal/unexpected client responses & taking action appropriately
- recognize limits of practice & consulting appropriately
- plan approached to providing care/service w/ the client
- create care plans that address client needs/preferences/wishes/hopes - use BPG to address client concerns & needs
- manage multiple nursing interventions simultaneously
- evaluate/describe outcomes of specific interventions & modify the plan/approach
- identify & address practice-related issues
- integrate research findings into professional service & practice
