Final Exam Flashcards
diseases of the vulva and vagina are most of ______ and ______ is uncommon
- inflammatory
- malignancy
inflammation of the vulva causes by infection or traumatic injury
vulvitis
what type of infection is vulvitis
fungal (candida albicans)
scratching induced trauma is indicative of what condition
vulvitis
vaginitis is common/uncommon and is associated with leukorrhea
common
vaginal discharge of vaginitis
leukorrhea
what type of infection is vaginitis?
variety of orgs, even commensal organisims
location of the most common cancers in women
cervix
does cervicitis have a discharge?
yes
and it is common
cervicitis is seen in virtually every _____ woman
multiparous
*giving birth to more than one child
4 factors that increase the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and carcinoma of the cervix
- early onset of coitus
- multiple partners
- a male partner who has had many female partners
- persistant infection w high risk of HPV
HPV is present in ______% of cervical neoplasia
85-90%
75-95% of cervical cancers present as _____
squamous cell carcinoma
almost all invasive cervical carcinomas arise from precursur lesions called _____-
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
typically asymptomatic
graded I-III
two things that have drastically reduced cervical neoplasia
- pap smear
- colposcopy (cervical examination)
two most common complaints related to disorders of the uterus
- pelvic pain
- abnormalities in menstrual funciton
profuse or prolonged bleeding associated with uterus disorders
menorrhagia
irregular bleeding between periods associated with uterus disorders
metrorrhagia
unusually painful menstrual bleeding associated with uterus disorders
dysmenorrhea
presence of endometrial glands and/or stroma in locations other than the uterine lining
endometriosis
*most common site is the pelvis
what is the cause of endometriosis?
unknown
*possible regurgitation theory (backflow of fallopian tubes)
hyperplasia of the epithelial lining of the uterus that is secondary to an EXCESS OF ESTROGEN
endometial hyperplasia
*often associated perimenopasal women who are obese
endometrial hyperplasia is a for-runner to what more serious disease?
endometrial carcinoma
benign tumors of smooth m
leiomyomas
*in the uterus they are FIBROIDS
LEIOMYOMAS in the uterus
fibroids
most common benign tumor in females
leiomyoma
leiomyomas are considered _____ dependent due to their growth during pregnancies
estrogen
is it rare to have multiple leiomyomas?
no
cancer that arises from the uterine lining and is the most frequent cancer of the female genital tract in the western world
endometrial carcinoma
in what two settings does endometrial carcinoma arise?
- perimenopausal women w estrogen excess
- older women with endometrial atrophy
what are the two most common early symptoms of endometrial carcinoma?
- leukorrhea
- irregular bleeding
endometrial carcinomas are considered treatable bc …?
they are late-metastasizing cancers
are non-neoplastic cysts on the ovaries common?
yes and they are not harmful
*but polycystic ovarian disease is…
common hormonal disorder with the prescence of MULTIPLE cystic follicles in ovaries
polycystic ovarian disease
the cysts of polycystic ovarian disease cause what?
- inc in size of ovaries
- excess production of androgens and estrogens
women with polycystic ovarian disease are also at risk for what two things?
- type II diabetes
- CVD
____ is the most significant disease with carcinoma of the arteries accounting for more deaths than cancers of the cervix and endometrium combined
neoplasia
*5th leading cause of cancer deaths in women
what are 90% of ovarian cancers?
surface epithelial
what are the two most prominent risk factors for ovarian cancer?
- nulliparity (not having borne children)
- family history
*oral contraceptives appears to reduce the risk
are ovarian cancers symptomatic?
no
not until they become large enough to cause local pressure symptoms
the prognosis of ovarian tumors depends healvily on
STAGE
tumors of the ovaries which develop from differentialtion of totipotential germ cells into mature tissues which represent all three germ layers
teratomas of the ovaries
teratomas of the ovaries typically occur when?
in the first 2 decades of life for women
*earlier onset, better chance for malignancy
90% of teratomas are _____
benign
dermoid cysts are associated with what?
teratomas
breast alterations that arise as an exaggeration and distortion of the cyclic breast changes taht occur normally in the menstrual cycle
fibrocystic changes
fibrocystic changes occur when?
during reproductive life but could continue past menopause
*normally do not lead to cancer
most common BENIGN tumor of the female breast
fibroadenoma
when does fibroadenoma present itself?
pre-pubertal girls and young women with the peak in the third decade
what are fibroadenomas composed of?
glandular epithelium and fibrous tissue
*freely movable nodule that needs to be biopsies
carcinoma of the breast arises from where?
glandular and ductal structures
of women with carcinoma of the breast, how many will die
one in four
___% of breast cancers are thought to have inherited mutations
10
are breast cancers more unilateral or bilateral?
bilateral
what is the life-time risk of female breast cancer
1 in 8
in carcinomas of the breast, tumor blockage of the lymphatics can result in thickend skin which resembles what?
the surface of an orange (peau d’ orange)
what are the two classification of carcinoma of the breast?
- ductal carcinoma
- lobular carcinoma
*both have NON INVASIVE PRECURSOR STAGES
resection of the breast mass
lumpectomy
for breast cancer, the prognosis improves with what?
each passing year free of the disease
what is the 10 year survival rate of breast carcinoma (cancer)
less than 50%
