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Couple and Family Relationships > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Conversation Starters flashcards
1
Q

How is pregnancy viewed in your early twenties?

A

Focused on contraception

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2
Q

At what time does an individual’s view on pregnancy shift from avoiding getting pregnant to actually trying to get pregnant

A

during their late 20’s to early 30’s

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3
Q

What dictates the parental role?

A
  1. Age of the child

2. Experiences the child brings to the parent

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4
Q

A child, whether adopted of genetically related is considered a ________ relative and this makes the relationship durable ______ and ______

A

Consanguine (Blood related)
Culturally
Legally

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5
Q

After having a child, ____ of couples report a __________ and less motivation to work on the ________ with the birth of a first child however some relationships

A

75%
decline in feelings of love
couple relationship
Improve

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6
Q

Describe the transition points that are involved in becoming a parent

A
  1. Deciding to have a baby
  2. Conception
  3. Getstation
  4. Birth
  5. Process of adapting to having the child at home
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7
Q

Provide an example of a complex timing norm about parent-child relationships that are age and duration graded

A

Breast feeding

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8
Q

Describe some common reasons for wanting children

A
  1. Conformity
    - having children is what you do as an adult
  2. Experience
    - Don’t want to miss out on the experience of having kids
  3. Social capital
    - Having children adds to the network of relationships an individual has access to
  4. Security in old age
    - Comfort in knowing somebody will more than likely take care of you during old age
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9
Q

Choosing not to have children is considered ________ and doesn’t mean ______

A

fine

you don’t like children

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10
Q

Name some factors to consider before having children

A
  1. Kids are expensive
    - Average cost of raising a kid from infancy to 18 years of age is $243, 660
    - Does not include university
  2. Complications
    - Not everyone can physically make a baby
  3. Work
    - LAT Couples
    - Parent is a noun and a verb
    - Sacrifice
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11
Q

Describe what occurred after Nebraska decriminalized child abandonment

A
  • After Nebraska decriminalized child abandonment, parents from all over the United States were bringing their children of all different ages to drop off their children for good. In total, 36 children of different ages were dropped off at hospitals, police stations etc.
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12
Q

Describe intended vs. unintended pregnancy and the factors that contribute to it

A
  • Intended pregnancy is when a couple plans to get pregnant with a child
  • Unintended pregnancy is when pregnancy is not planned and a child is conceived
  • 40% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned
  • Unintended children receive fewer parental resources
  • Less emotional and cognitive support
  • Increased stress levels in parent and child
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13
Q

Describe intended fertility

A

how many children you would like to have

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14
Q

Describe actual fertility

A

How many children you actually have

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15
Q

During the transition to parenthood, there are many factors to consider; Describe some Economic Factors that contribute to having a child

A
  • Considered more heavily now than in previous generations
  • Relates to the couples desired life style
  • Expenses include: housing, child care, transportation, food consumption
  • Have to consider loss of income during pregnancy and maternity/paternity leave
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16
Q

Describe some Structural factors that relate to the transition to parenthood

A
  1. Employment status
    - Particularly mothers and if daycare is needed
  2. Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity
    - Values and functions adults apply to having children and number of children the couple desires
  3. Family size norms
    - Middle class women have fewer children
    - Social pressures from parents to have children
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17
Q

Describe some Psychosocial factors that relate to the transition to parenthood

A
  1. Altruistic
    - Unselfish desire to express affection and concern for children
  2. Generativity (Erikson)
    - Fulfillment of one’s psychological need to be needed
  3. Fatalistic Perspective
    - Believe in procreation and continuation of the family name
  4. Instrumental reasons
    - Children achieve things parents did not, pleases one’s own parents, secure an instrumental relationship
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18
Q

There are ____ social meanings of parenthood that tend to be ____ meaning they promote reproduction

A

6

Pronatalist

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19
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

  1. Parenthood is a moral Obligation
A
  • Old testament directive to be fruitful and multiply

- Obligated to reproduce and replenish society

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20
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

    • Continuation of culture depends of reproduction
A

Parenthood is a civic responsibility

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21
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

  1. Parenthood is natural for adults
A
  • Expected and natural behaviour of adulthood
  • Conception is a natural consequence of intercourse
  • Negative assumptions made about individuals who are childless
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22
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

  1. Parenthood is a statement of human sexuality
A
  • Implies that an individual adult is capable of reproduction
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23
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

  1. Parenthood is a confirmation of marriage
A
  • Parenthood gives true meaning to a committed relationship between adults
  • “Believed” to round out a marriage and prevent divorce
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24
Q

SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD

  • Having children was thought to fulfill a personal destiny for women
  • Having children is a means of achieving adult status
A

Parenthood is normal adult behaviour

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25
Q

Who is usually more prepared when it comes to parenthood?

Those who stop taking birth control and let whatever happens happen or those who initiate sex with the goal of getting pregnant?

A

Those who initiate sex with the goal of getting pregnant are usually more prepared

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26
Q

Describe infertility in males

A

Lower live sperm count leads to reproductive problems

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27
Q

Ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages or pelvic inflammatory disease can all result in _______

A

Female infertility

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28
Q

In Canada, 1 in 5 babies have a _____ who is aged 35 or older

A

mother

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29
Q

Describe some reasons why people might have children later in life

A
  1. Economic changes
  2. Raising babies is expensive
  3. Educated women delay or avoid childbearing as it will ruin their economic future and opportunities
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30
Q

What country has the best maternity leave options in the world?

A

France

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31
Q

In Canada, ___% have fewer children while ___% have delayed having a family or didn’t have a child at all

A

25%

28%

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32
Q

The average number of children a women will have in her life time is ____ and is lower than the previous average rate of ____

A
  1. 5

2. 1

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33
Q

In 1995, the number of live births from women aged 35-49 has risen from 11.8 per 1000 women to ____ since ___

A

13.5

2004

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34
Q

Describe the video shown in class about transgendered pregnancy

A
  • Transgendered couple conceives two sons
  • Wife was born a boy
  • Husband was born a girl
  • Family was not supportive, lots of bullying in school
  • Husband gave birth to children
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35
Q

Feeney et al, asked first time parents what they disliked most about parenting in 2001, the top answers were______ and ______. When asked what they liked best, they responded with _____ and ____

A

Lack of sleep
Not knowing what to do

Just having the baby
Being close to my spouse

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36
Q

In Belsky and Rovine’s 1990 study that followed couples from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum, wives reported a _____ in their marriage because they felt there was a

A

Decline
decrease in love and less effort on relationship maintenance
Increased amounts of perceived conflict
Ambivalence about the marriage

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37
Q

In Belsky and Rovine’s 1990 study, husbands showed a decline in _______ except _____

A

in all areas

perceived conflict

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38
Q

During pregnancy, the couple must discuss who will take the maternity/paternity leave after the birth of the child. Some factors to consider are:

A
  1. Who is earning the most salary
  2. Need for rest after labour and birth
  3. Breast feeding
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39
Q

In order to keep your marriage safe after the birth of a child, Cowan and Cowan suggest _______ and found a _______

A

talking realistically about expectations

HUGE decrease in divorce

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40
Q

Until the mid 1800s, children were viewed as an ______

A

economic asset

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41
Q

______ turned children into economic liabilities

A

Industrialization

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42
Q

How will a parent know they are a successful parent in North America

A
  1. Their child is economically independent

2. Has good social skills

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43
Q

SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Psychoanalytic Theory

A

Focus on individual patient
Developmental stages as stages of Conflict (Erikson)

  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Doubt
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Integrity vs. Despair
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44
Q

SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Psychology theories

A
  • No clinical focus
  • Individual unit is the mental processes
  • Developmental stages as stages of cognitive development (Piaget)
  1. Sensorimotor stage
    - Birth to 2 years old
    - Child sees the world through their senses
    - Differentiation of object from background
    - Object permanence
  2. Pre-operational stage
    - 2 to 7 years old
    - Vocal and written language and nominal grouping
  3. Concrete operational stage
    - 7 to 11 years of age
    - Conservation of matter
    - Ordinal series
  4. Formal operational stage
    - 11 years old and greater
    - Formal symbolic logic
    - Manipulation of symbols
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45
Q

SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Sociological theories

A
  • Individual unit the parent-child dyad or family unit
  • Developmental stages seen as sequential stages (George Herbert Mead)
  1. Play Stage
    - Learning to take on a social role and learning that there are social rules for these roles
  2. Game stage
    - Learning that we can take on multiple roles
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46
Q

Daycare isn’t so bad if

A

it is of high care and mother is not insensitive

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47
Q

Describe child compliance

A

response to directions from responsible adults

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48
Q

Describe child achievement

A

Social achievement
- how well a child can socialize?

Academic achievement
- How well a child does in school

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49
Q

DISCIPLINE

Spanking can be seen as ______ or ______. Children are _______

A

abuse or essential to child rearing
sensitive to physical cues

Hug = safety 
Spank = Danger
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50
Q

Children who are spanked are more likely to

A
  • commit crimes
  • suffer depression
  • go to jail
  • get into fights
  • commit suicide
  • abuse alcohol or drugs

** Important to remember it is correlational research not causation

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51
Q

Margareet has recently learned that if she pours the water from a small glass into a larger one, the amount of water is the same even though there is more empty space in the larger glass. Which age is Margareet most likely to be?

A

9

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52
Q

Children who are spanked are more likely to

a. Eat too much
b. Cry at random times
c. Go to jail
d. Commit fewer crimes

A

c. Go to jail

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53
Q

Which of the following is not a structural factor discussed in relation to the decision about becoming parents?

a. Socioeconomic status
b. Place of residence
c. Ethnic group membership
d. Size of family desired

A

b. Place of residence

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54
Q

What is the term for the way in which a child responds to directions from their parents and other responsible adults?

a. Compliance
b. Questioning
c. Achievement
d. Obedience

A

a. Compliance

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55
Q

Traditional authoritarianism assumes that parents should be the loving authority, what example best explains this concept?

a. Joshís parents only express affection towards him after he complies with their requests, if he doesnít, his privileges are taken away
b. Julieís parents regularly send her to her room to take ìtime outî and she can only come out when sheís willing to comply with their requests
c. Greg is willing to cooperate with his parents because they have always been willing to cooperate with him
d. Jamie’s parents explain their expectations about the house rules and are willing to negotiate with her

A

a. Joshís parents only express affection towards him after he complies with their requests, if he doesnít, his privileges are taken away

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56
Q

Jamie and Chris are expecting their first child and have decided that only 1 can take parental leave or else the baby will cause some problems. According to our lecture, which os these factors are likely to contribute to their decision around who takes leave?

A
  1. Who is earning the most salary
  2. Breast feeding
  3. The need for rest after child birth
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57
Q

Luna and Carrie have decided to have a child together and Carrie is pregnant with their first baby. They’re both worried about the increased risk of divorce. What does research by Cowan & Cowan suggest they do to significantly decrease that risk?

a. Involve the grandparents as much as possible
b. Talk realistically about their expectations
c. This risk cannot be reduced or avoided
d. Hire a nanny

A

b. Talk realistically about their expectations

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58
Q

In class Dr. N told a story about a group of preschoolers who had a visit from Santa. What happened?

a. Santa ran by the window repeatedly in Summer and the Children thought it was December.
b. The teacher dressed as Santa and the children thought Santa was there and she was gone.
c. The teacher displayed a Santa costume and the children thought Santa had died.
d. Santa joined the teacher and the children were excited but confused.

A

b. The teacher dressed as Santa and the children thought Santa was there and she was gone.

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59
Q

Piaget is responsible for

A

Stages of cognitive development

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60
Q

During class we watched a video where two reporters discussed their opinions on a US State law allowing adults to drop off their children and surrender them. Children of all ages were dropped off, some from states away, before the law was changed. What was included in this video?

a. Society is judgemental about men and women who choose not to have children, or who choose to have them later than their peers.
b. All of these options were included in the video.
c. Don’t have children before you feel ready, or don’t have them at all if you don’t want to.
d. Parenting is difficult, and that’s rarely discussed.

A

b. All of these options were included in the video.

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61
Q

FAMILY AS AN INSTITUTION

Zimmerman believes _____

A
  • the North American family is close to becoming a domestic institution
  • The family institution is bigger than the sum of it’s parts
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62
Q

in 1976, 42% of the workforce was made up of women. In 2008, that number has risen to___. This could be due to the increase in opportunities for women including ______ and _______

A

63%
service sector
Non-standard work

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63
Q

Regarding work and families, Canadians are experiencing more

A

role overload

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64
Q

Describe how the dynamic relationship between work and family has changed over the years

A
  1. Young mothers returning to work

2. Older men retiring and taking part in child care

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65
Q

Name 2 advantages of education

A
  1. economic well being

2. health and longer life span

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66
Q

Name 2 gender differences in the relationship between education and family

A
  1. Men become more attractive partners

2. Women more likely to end up in a less flexible career

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67
Q

Who influences religious socialization and what must happen in order for it to succeed?

A
  • Congregation influences
  • Parental influences
  • Peer influence
  • Stronger influences come from members who feel strongly attached to the faith group
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68
Q

SEX AND RELIGION

Christianity:
Islam:
Judaism:

A

Christianity: Husbands and wives should fulfill each other’s needs

Islam: Sex is a sign of God’s mercy

Judaism: Sex should not be selfish and is a women’s right

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69
Q

In order to succeed, what must the government do

A

make sure their citizens are relatively satisfied and their needs are met

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70
Q

Name 4 ways the government influences families with laws

A
  1. Who is considered a family
  2. Who can be legally married
  3. Who cares for children
  4. Fertility - regulation of contraceptives and abortion
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71
Q

In the movie babies, we saw two going to daycare and/or caregiver/baby play groups. The families of these children were from?

A

Japan and USA

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72
Q

Which of these is an advantage of gaining a higher education for men?

a. Become more in debt
b. Have a less flexible career
c. have multiple careers
d. become more attractive

A

d. become more attractive

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73
Q

Religious socialization is:

a. not easy to study
b. not impacted by peer influences
c. not subject to congregational influences
d. not related to peer influences

A

a. not easy to study

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74
Q

The relationship between families and social institutions such as academia is:

a. unidirectional: social institutions govern and regulate families, so these institutions influence families but never the other way
b. bi-directional: they both influence each other heavily
c. nonexistent: families and institutions do not influence each other, they simply coexist
d. unidirectional: social institutions are made up of familes and serve them, so the families influence the institutions and never the other way

A

b. bi-directional: they both influence each other heavily

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75
Q

In the movie babies, all but the child from Namibia showed access to:

a. Nutrition
b. social supports
c. Western style medicine
d. Relatives

A

c. western style medicine

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76
Q

If older men retire and take care of grandchildren, they are ____ likely to take a _____ role in childcare as grandparents than they did as parents

A

more

greater

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77
Q

Which of these are typical influences that the government has through family laws?

a. who cares for children
b. who can be legally married
c. who is considered a family
d. all of these answers

A

d. all of these answers

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78
Q

Which of these is an expected outcome of gaining a higher education for women?

a. become more attractive
b. have a less flexible career
c. have less school debt
d. have a more flexible career

A

b. have a less flexible career

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79
Q

Why was the movie Babies unique?

A

No dialogue or subtitles

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80
Q

What percentage of the workforce was made up of women in 1976?

A

42%

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81
Q

Sex refers to the _____

A

biological characteristics of males and females

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82
Q

Gender refers to the ________

A

social attitudes and behaviours of males and females

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83
Q

Role

A

behaviour associated with someone who holds a particular status

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84
Q

Gender role

A

behaviour expected of a female or male in a particular culture

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85
Q

Sex role

A

behaviour defined by biological constraints

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86
Q

gender binary

A

the categorization of gender into two distinct, opposite sexes

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87
Q

Trans/transgendered

A

an umbrella term applied to those whose gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth

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88
Q

Some who identifies exclusively as their sex assigned at birth

A

cisgender

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89
Q

gender queer

A

a term applied to individuals who do not identify within the gender binary

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90
Q

Transition

A

the process of changing one’s gender expression to match their gender identity

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91
Q

Cross dresser and transvestites

A

a member of one gender dresses up in clothes and other gender specific attire to appear to be a member of the other gender

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92
Q

Transsexual and transgendered persons

A

a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity or self concept of the other gender and may undergo processes and/or procedures to change that sex or gender

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93
Q

Gender identity

A

A person’s psychological sense of being male or female

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94
Q

Intersexed

A

a person who has intersexed sexual organs

rare - between 1 in 700 and 1 in 5000 live births

CAUSES:

  • exposure to exogenous steroids during fetal development
  • chromosomal abnormalities
  • errors of metabolism affecting reproductive hormones
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95
Q

The 1965 Reimer case: =

A

accidental surgery damage in twin boys, one lost their genitals so parents thought he would do better being raised as a girl.

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96
Q

WHY DO GENDER ROLES DIFFER?

Sociobiology

A
  • social behaviour results from biological differences

- testosterone and estrogens

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97
Q

WHY DO GENDER ROLES DIFFER?

Learning Theories

A
  • we learn behaviours from our interactions with the environment
  • reinforcement: rewards and punishments
  • modelling and imitation
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98
Q

Socialization

A

process by which people learn the characteristics of their group

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99
Q

GENDER ROLES AND KIDS

Preschool:

A

stereotyped beliefs about occupations and activities that are not flexible

ex. girls can’t be police officers

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100
Q

GENDER ROLES AND KIDS

Middle childhood

A

understand stereotypes and gender stereotype flexibility

  • overlap in characteristics of males and females
  • more flexible, more likely to not believe in stereotypes

** Males have less flexibility

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101
Q

Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory about Gender Identity

A
  1. Gender Labelling (2-3 years)
    - understand that they are either a boy or girl
  2. Gender stability (preschool)
    - understand gender is stable
    - ex: boys become men
    - BUT believe that if you change something, your sex has changed
    - ex. girls who wear their hair like boys will become a boy
  3. Gender Consistency (4-7 years)
    - understand sex is biological
    - remains the same if a person engages in “cross-gender” activities
    - Does not change because of toys or clothes
    - when they understand labels, stability and consistency, they have mastered gender constancy
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102
Q

Describe Gender Schema Theory

A
  • form basic gender identity, develop gender schemas where an organized set of gender related beliefs influence behaviour and are based on interactions and observations of other as well as the environment and culture

Helps determine what:

  • individuals attend to
  • interpretations of the world
  • memory of experiences
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103
Q

Name 4 ways parents socialize their children:

A
  1. Physical and Verbal Manipulations
    - degree that children are handled more gently or roughly
  2. Stereotypical gender identified objects
    - trucks and dolls
  3. Different verbal descriptions of the same behaviour
    - gentle, aggressive, non-competitive
  4. Stereotypical gender identified activities
    - cooking or shovelling snow
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104
Q

Fathers tend to:

A
  • spend more time with their sons than daughters
  • are playmates with children
  • set higher standards for their sons compared to daughters
  • stress feelings and emotions with daughters more than sons
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105
Q

Mothers tend to:

A
  • express affection and verbal praise to sons and daughters equally
  • stress emotions and feelings with daughters more than sons
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106
Q

GENDER SOCIALIZATION AND PEERS

peer influences

A
  • offer support or disapproval

- socialize to conform to certain styles of interaction

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107
Q

Girls are influenced by

A
  • dolls

- appearance

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108
Q

Boys are influence by:

A
  • action figures

- toughness

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109
Q

Boys are often given more attention from teachers and are:

A
  • more likely to be called on
  • more likely to be given time to talk
  • more likely to be given praise
  • more demanding and loud
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110
Q

Girls often have higher grades compared to boys except in math an science. They are ____

A
  • less likely to be called on in class

- if incorrect, less likely to be instructed about the correct way or answer

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111
Q

In women, the most common occupations are:

A
  1. retail
  2. administrative assistant
  3. registered nurse
  4. cashier
  5. elementary school or kindergarten teacher
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112
Q

In men, the most common occupations are:

A
  1. retail sales
  2. transport truck driver
  3. retail and wholesale manager
  4. carpenter
  5. Janitor
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113
Q

what is mediawatch.com’s mission and what do they endorse

A
  • to challenge abusive stereotypes and other biased information commonly found in the media through education and action
  • endorses media literacy as a part of the standard curriculum in kindergarten - grade 12 educational systems
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114
Q

Describe Kathoey and where it originated from

A

Third gender in Thailand. Also referred to as lady boys - biological male with feminine social behaviours but are attracted to men

115
Q

Tombois in Indonesia are______

A

biological females who want to be accepted as and live like a man. They are attracted to women

116
Q

______ are biological males who dress and act feminine

A

Samoan Fa’afafine

117
Q

TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES AND STABILITY

Name some benefits for females and males

A

Males:

  • instrumental focus on work identity
  • high income and job advantages
  • less domestic work and marital stress

Females:

  • expressive focus on feelings and other;s needs
  • identity tied to relationships rather than work
  • close attachments with children
118
Q

TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES AND STABILITY

Name some drawbacks of this for females and males

A

Males:

  • personal self worth tied to job and income
  • job related to stress and less time for family
  • limited emotional expression
  • limitations of child custody

Females:

  • reduced income and career fulfillment
  • dependent on spouse
  • the beauty problem
  • less personal self worth
119
Q

Describe Androgyny

A

the quality of having both male and female culturally define characteristics

120
Q

Post gender transcendence

A
  • beyond gender
  • abandoning gender as an identity
  • rejecting gender as a justification for inequality
121
Q

Role conflict

A
  • expectations of two or more rules are incompatible

- anxiety and confusion

122
Q

Which of these is NOT a potential cause of being intersex?

a. All of these are potential causes
b. Exposure to exogenous steroids during fetal development
c. Errors of metabolism affecting reproductive hormones
d. Chromosomal abnormalities

A

a. All of these are potential causes

123
Q

Behaviour is associated with someone who holds a particular status is a definition of:

a. Role
b. Gender Role
c. Sex Role
d. Gender Identity

A

a. Role

124
Q

Marcus believes that our biology and sex hormones drive major gender differences. He believes women are born to be softer and more nurturing, due to estrogen. Meanwhile men are born to be tougher and better protectors, due to testosterone. Which theory does he likely support?

a. Cognitive theory of gender identity
b. Sociobiology
c. Learning theories
d. Gender constancy

A

b. Sociobiology

125
Q

Teachers are more likely to _______ boys and ______ girls

A

give talk time to

avoid instructing when wrong to

126
Q

fathers are more likely to ______ while mothers are more likely to ______

A

spend more time with their sons

give verbal praise to sons and daughters equally

127
Q

Alex is in first grade and likes to watch television when she comes home from school. In the commercials, she sees that dolls are played with by girls while blocks are played with by boys. After watching the commercial she put down her blocks, turns to her parents, and asks them to buy her a doll. Which concept has she demonstrated?

a. Gender Identity
b. Sex Role
c. Gender Roles
d. Socialization

A

d. Socialization

128
Q

When Eve was born her doctors and parents identified her as female, based on her genitalia. However, as Eve grew up she realized that she felt more like a boy than a girl. Eventually, Eve asked people to stop using her birth name, and to start calling him Joe instead. Deep down, Joe knew he was actually male, in spite of his anatomy at birth. According to this description, Joe’s _____________ is male.

a. Gender Identity
b. Sex Role
c. Socialization
d. Gender Role

A

Gender identity

129
Q

In class we watched a video on the Fa’afafine. What is their gender?

A

Fa’afafine are men who dress and act in feminine ways

130
Q

Martinee likes to wear make-up occasionally, takes pride in muscle building, can sooth a fussy baby better than anyone else they know, and prefers to shave their head. Martinee is demonstrating:

a. role conflict
b. one gender expression
c. cisgenderism
d. androgyny

A

d. androgyny

131
Q

Which of these things does gender schema determine?

a. what is remembered about experiences
b. all of the above
c. interpretations of the world
d. what individuals attend to

A

b. all of the above

132
Q

What is the most common cause of death in the elderly?

A

The common flu

133
Q

After 30, your chances of dying ____ every _____ years

A
  • doubles

- 8 years

134
Q

Name 3 theories behind aging

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Evolutionary pressures
  3. Diet
135
Q

Describe middle age

A

40-65 years
long (20-25 years), diverse process which may include becoming first time parents or great grandparents. Transitional in the sense that it includes launching of children and new duties such as caring for aging parents

136
Q

Describe men at midlife

A
  • lives focus on family and work in which both of these areas could be in transition
  • for some, strain leads to midlife crisis
137
Q

Describe women at midlife

A

More intimate relationships with family as role includes more nurturing and childbearing tasks

women experience menopause and are considered “old” before men

138
Q

At midlife, couples ____ which may lead to an increase in sex because_______

A

review their marriages and work out new arrangements

  • more time
  • more freedom
  • less worried about pregnancy
  • more privacy
139
Q

launching refers to

A

when children leave the home

140
Q

delayed launching leads to

A

decreased satisfaction

141
Q

Now that the couple is alone, they must ____

A

renegotiate their couple systems as a dyad or pair rather than as a part of a larger family

142
Q

Couples who have stayed together for the kids are more likely to

A

break up

143
Q

Boomerang children

A

children that came back

can be caused by:

  • parental separation
  • divorce
  • job loss
  • inability to make it on their own
144
Q

Cluttered nest

A

children who never leave but establish new families as co-residents in the family home

145
Q

At Midlife, an individual who is apart of the sandwich generation provides ______

A

care for elderly parents as well as their own children

146
Q

Sandwich generation individuals can be described as:

A
  • coping, managing
  • giving up their own social activities
  • spending less time with their spouses
  • spending less time with their children
147
Q

The typical caregiver is

A

45-54 years old, partnered, employed and female

148
Q

One reason an adult child may feel obligated to take care of their parents is because

A

they looked after them when they were younger; they feel the roles have reversed

149
Q

The caregiver-care receiver relationship also affects the elderly parent:

A
  1. feel a loss of power
  2. can still provide emotional, practical and financial help for adult children
  3. emotional strain when need assistance because of failing health
150
Q

Older adults are ages____ and over

A

65+

151
Q

True or False: Older adults are not sexually active

A

False

152
Q

Ageism refers to

A
  • stereotyping of older persons

- usually negative but can be positive

153
Q

Benefits of aging

A
  1. Wisdom
    - ability to apply knowledge of life events to make optimal decisions when trying to solve life problems
  • may be better at foreshadowing problems or problem solving due to their vast life experience
154
Q

Young - old ages:

A

65-74 years of age

155
Q

old-old ages:

A

75-84 years of age

156
Q

oldest old ages:

A

85+

157
Q

Chronological age refers to

A

age in years

158
Q

age measured by competence or performance is called

A

functional age

159
Q

physiological aging

A
  • physiological changes are regarded
  • works in manual labour
  • works in professional field
  • some social scientists suggest that old age begins when physical disability sets in
160
Q

psychological aging

A
  • aging is a frame of mind

- changes in personality, cognition, emotional arousal, memory, learning and motivation

161
Q

social age

A
  • changes in social roles and social status over time
  • social age is based on cultural norms which specify how one should act at a certain age
  • timing markers include: grandparenthood, widowhood and retirement
162
Q

Approximately, ___% of individuals aged 65 and older are ____

A

30%

widowed

163
Q

Who is more likely to be widowed and why?

A

Widowhood occurs more for women than man mainly because women marry older men and are less likely to remarry

about half of women aged 75-79 years old are widowed while only 16% of men are widowed

164
Q

Why are remarriage rates higher for men than women?

A
  • it is difficult for older women to find new partners
  • since women live longer than men, and men tend to marry women younger than themselves, older women are often squeezed out of marriage
165
Q

People in poor health, poor financial situations and the way old are ____ remarry

A

do not

166
Q

Positives of remarriage

A
  • larger kin network
  • happy with relationships
  • increase financial and emotional stability
  • enhance relationships with children
167
Q

For older people, family relationships depend on a number of factors that include:

A
  1. A person must have relatives in order to have any interaction
  2. Happy with relationships
  3. The quality of family relationships is important
168
Q

More men than women over the age of 65 are ____

A

married

169
Q

Who has more social support? Men or Women?

A

women

170
Q

couples who are married at this point have a more ______ attitude towards life, more ____ and more emotional ______

A

relaxed
time
emotional connectedness

171
Q

How does Erikson describe aging?

A

describes midlife as being a challenge between generativity and self absorption and stagnation

172
Q

Generativity

A

Ability to move beyond your own interests and toward helping the generation to come

173
Q

Stagnation

A
  • inability to find value in guiding and aiding the next generation
  • late life has it’s own challenging between finding integrity or living in despair
174
Q

Describe integrity

A

ability to accept one’s life as something that had to be rather than regretting what it was not

175
Q

describe Despair

A

feeling that life has been in vain and is felt by a person who is still not satisfied with how their life turned out

176
Q

who came up with the 4 areas of generativity and described it as a major life task?

A

Korte

177
Q

Describe biological generativity

A

people contribute to society by having children

178
Q

describe parental generativity

A

involves nurturing and socializing children may or may not be biological

179
Q

describe technical generativity

A

involves contributing by teaching skills to the next generation

180
Q

describe cultural generativity

A

involves passing on cultural values and traditions to the next generation

181
Q

Can 1 person be generative in 1 or all areas?

A

Yes

182
Q

Drake is in his 70s and has decided to begin mentoring youth in tradition, history and values of hip hop. What type of generativity is this, according to Korte

a. cultural
b. biological
c. parental
d. technical

A

a. cultural

183
Q

Which of these experiences are common during middle age?

a. parenting
b. grandparenting
c. empty nest
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

184
Q

Which of these is NOT one of Korte’s areas of generativity?

a. biological
b. Parental
c. Chronological
d. Technical

A

c. Chronological

185
Q

Gene, Tina, and Louise are all siblings. Tina and Louise each moved out around the age of 20, but Gene stayed to work at his parents’ diner until he got married at the age of 30. What is this called?

a. Delayed launch
b. Slow launching
c. Boomerang
d. Cluttered nest

A

a. delayed launch

186
Q

Why are women more likely to be widowed and single than men?

a. Heterosexual men often marry younger women
b. Once women reach a certain age they are less likely to remarry
c. Women live longer than men
d. All of these

A

d. all of these

187
Q

Gwyneth and Chris’s youngest child has finally moved out fo the house. Which of these tasks is most likely to happen next for the couple?

a. They must renegotiate their relationship as a couple, instead of parts of a larger family
b. They must go out and celebrate having their home back to themselves
c. They must reevaluate their finances in light of the changing circumstances
d. All of the above

A

a. They must renegotiate their relationship as a couple, instead of parts of a larger family

188
Q

Ron and Hermoine are a middle aged couple. Who is expected to feel that this is a time of fulfillment for them, especially with their career, according to our lectures?

a. Both
b. Hermione
c. Ron
d. Neither one

A

c. Ron

189
Q

widowhood occurs most for who?

a. women
b. men
c. people who worked jobs involving intense physical labour
d. none of these

A

a. women

190
Q

who is MOST likely to remarry among this list?

a. Men
b. Those in poor health
c. Financially stressed people
d. the very old

A

a. men

191
Q

which of the following is NOT a reason that some middle aged people have more sex?

a. less nervousness about performance
b. more time
c. increased sense of freedom, including from pregnancy
d. more privacy

A

a. less nervousness about performance

192
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Fa’afafine are bullied more than straight men in their culture

A

FALSE

193
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The majority of men who engage in sexual activity with the Fa’afafine also have sex with women

A

TRUE

194
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In Mexico, when a mother has a Muxes for a child (like a Fa’afafine), she is unhappy. Explain why or why not

A

FALSE

She is overjoyed as she knows that the Muxe will take care of her in old age (old age security)

195
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Sometimes men go to Muxes to lose their virginity

A

TRUE

Men should be experienced but women should remain virgins until marriage so they go to Muxes to become experienced

196
Q

Name a few events or issues that could arise causing stress in the family

A
  1. everyday life tasks
  2. Life transitions and events like having a child
  3. Chronic illnesses
  4. Sudden accident/disability
  5. Substance abuse
  6. Violence
  7. Job loss
197
Q

Name the primary stress hormone

A

Cortisol

198
Q

In Japan, the term _____ means overworked/ death from work

A

Karōshi

199
Q

Considering stress hormones, what hormone is considered good and is often called the “cuddling/hug” hormone

A

oxytocin

200
Q

When stress occurs, how does it affect your immune system?

A
  • Immune system doesn’t work at the optimal level causing you to be more susceptible to illness
  • White blood cells don’t function as well
  • Stress causes physiological and psychological reactions from the body
201
Q

How families handle their problems will depend on: _________

A
  1. their outlook on life and situations
  2. their resources
  3. individual factors (health)
  4. normative life stress
202
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Hill’s ABC-X model focuses on individual development rather than family development across the life course

A

FALSE

Importance is focused on family development across the life course

203
Q

Define the factors used in Hill’s ABC-X model

A -
B -
C -
X -

How did Hill see stressors?

A

A - provoking event or stressor

B - Family’s resources or strengths at the time of the event

C - meaning/perception attached to the event for the family

X - Represents the stressor and crisis

Hill sees stressors as neither positive or negative but as normative

Stressors have the ability to initiate change in the family system

204
Q

Describe the double ABC-X model

A
  • Longitudinal model
  • Time was included
  • Included the idea of a “pile up” where multiple stressors occurred at the same time such as moving across the country for a new job right after having a new baby
205
Q

Describe Olsen’s model

A
  • stress and conflict in family life doesn’t mean that abuse must take place
  • proper handling of stress and crisis cab actually strengthen a family and help it grow in intimacy

There are three important dimensions of family functioning:

  1. Cohesion
  2. Flexibility
  3. Communication
206
Q

Describe how we learn about conflicts in our relationships with family, romantic partners and bosses and co-workers

A

Family members
- direct and indirect conflict (sometimes it doesn’t involve you)

Romantic Partners
- Success of the relationship is based on how we perceive and handle conflict

Work Place
- Often can promote conflict management

207
Q

Describe conflict in avoidant families

A
  • conflict doesn’t exist and they don’t recognize it
  • They don’t tell anyone if there is a struggle ‘
  • don’t ever raise your voice
  • snide comments are fine
  • sulking and silent treatment are necessary strategies
  • Don’t express strong feelings
208
Q

Describe conflict in collaborative families

A
  • Have a family meeting or mealtime chat to discuss issues
  • deal with people indirectly
  • say openly what you are feeling
  • dirty tricks such as sulking not allowed
  • strong feelings are seen as normal
  • parents need to help resolve their children’s conflicts
209
Q

Describe conflict in aggressive families

A
  • survival of the fittest
  • be brutally honest regardless of the impact
  • establish your own position early
  • don’t back down - hold your ground no matter
  • you have to take it if someone attacks you
  • people who don’t engage are weak
210
Q

Conflict is an expressed struggle between __________

A

at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals

211
Q

_______ is verbal and non verbal

A

joint communicative

212
Q

what is central in all interpersonal conflict and why

A

communication

  • communication behaviours often creates and reflects conflict
213
Q

What is a key factor that contributes to conflict and why

A

interdependence

  • people who are not dependent upon each other with no special interest in what the other does, do not have conflict
214
Q

Describe how mutual activity contributes to conflict

A
  • decide to be interdependent or independent agents
  • move back and forth, need to find balance
  • unproductive interdependence leads to gridlocked conflicts
215
Q

Describe how incompatible goals can cause conflict

A
  • goals not adding up

- wanting the same thing but not looking at the bigger picture

216
Q

describe how perceived scarce resources can cause conflict and name two examples of resources (characteristics etc.) that contribute to the conflict

A
  • resources could be positively perceived physical, economic or social consequences
  • power and self esteem
217
Q

Describe interference in relationships and how it contributes to conflict

A

associated with blocking

- person doing the blocking is seen as the problem

218
Q

In arguments, two people can have different memories of the same event. This is due to different perception and because people can ________

A

remember what THEY did, but not what the other did

219
Q

In order to avoid conflict in the relationship, partners must accept _____________ and shouldn’t assume _________

A

that there is no true version of the story

their partner is lying

220
Q

_______ are behaviours intended to manage or resolve conflict. It can reduce conflict or escalate it

A

Conflict strategies

221
Q

Strategic choice

A

Partners have the choice in how they respond to conflict

  • choices can be informed foresight
  • Choices may also be from guesswork, mindless, or habit
222
Q

What are some factors that explain why partners choose one strategy rather than another

A

Situational factors such as third parties or structural arrangements

223
Q

The definition of family violence will _______

A

continue to change

224
Q

Name some common types of family violence

A
  • Physical abuse
  • sexual abuse & exploitation
  • Neglect
  • Psychological or emotional abuse
  • economic or financial abuse
  • spiritual abuse
225
Q

____% of spousal incidents between same sex couples reported to police between 1995-2004 were ______ incidents

A

70%

single

226
Q

Police reported spousal violence represents about __% of all police reported violent crimes in Canada

A

12%

227
Q

Female victims account for about __% of all victims of spousal abuse

A

83%

228
Q

Anger can be described as

A
  • healthy, natural feeling
  • Lash out or say things we don’t mean
  • Safe
  • Controlled
  • Non-violent
  • Occurs in all contexts of life
  • Closure and opportunities for responsibility
229
Q

_______:

  • Not natural and unhealthy
  • Purposeful, strategic, and a choice
  • Power
  • other person is always the problem
  • Occurs in private
  • Does not take responsibility: Minimize, deny, blame, justify
A

Abuse

230
Q

PSYCHIATRIC MODELS

Psychopathology Theory

A
  • proposed that individuals that suffer from mental illness, personality disorders, and other dysfunctions that cause them to engage in aggressive acts with the family
  • This model failed to identify personality traits related to violence
  • No specific disorder always linked to abuse
231
Q

PSYCHIATRIC MODELS

Substance-Abuse Theory

A
  • Proposed that alcohol drugs cause or contribute to family violence
  • No evidence that it is directly causes family violence
232
Q

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS

Exchange/social Control Theory

A
  • Persons act according to a system of rewards or punishments
  • Family violence is based on determination of costs and rewards
  • Resort to violence to obtain goals as long as what they achieve outweighed by the cost of aggression
233
Q

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS

Frustration - Aggression Theory

A
  • Individuals will react aggressively when a goal is blocked or frustrated
  • Frustration may result when the attainment of a goal is blocked
  • Critique: does not explain the complexities of society
234
Q

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS

Ecological Theory

A
  • Looks at organism, environment, interaction systems that family development occurs and the environment in which the family resides
235
Q

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS

Ecological Theory

Two Conditions of child abuse to occur:

A
  1. Environment in which the family lives must accept the use of force against children
  2. Family must be isolated from supporting community services or systems
    - mismatched with the neighbourhood and community
236
Q

SOCIAL CULTURAL MODELS

Culture and violence theory

A
  • Violence is unevenly distributed within society
  • Violence is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic sectors of society
  • Violence is a learned response and reflects socialization or acceptance of violence as appropriate behaviour

Critique
- does not explain how subcultural values originate or are modified

237
Q

SOCIAL CULTURAL MODELS

________ Theory

  • Explains violence towards women
  • society is dominated by males and women and children in the subordinate positions
    (treated as positions by men)
  • Laws and customs combine to uphold this difference in power between men and women legitimize their different status
A

Patriarchy Theory - Feminist Theory

238
Q

SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY

General Systems Theory

A
  • Violence within the family is a result of a system failure rather than individual pathology
  • Family system operates to maintain, increase or decrease levels of violence within the family
  • Alternative course of action, feedback and system goals
239
Q

COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

Isolation

A
  • Private form aggression
  • Level of family privacy increases, social control decreases

EXAMPLE

  • Children told to keep secrets
  • Abuser will restrict spouses’ social contacts
240
Q

COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

_______

  • abuse occurs in relationships with the greatest _________
  • Use of force on the less powerful child or spouse

Ways to reduce differential:

  • Higher forms of employment
  • educating children that they have the right or power to say no to abuse and violence
A

Power Differentials

241
Q

COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

Power/Powerlessness

A
  • Person perceives that they lack power or control in their work or social environment BUT they have power in their family relationships
  • power over less powerful individuals: Ability to control the behaviours of others, with or without their consent
242
Q

COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE

Substance Abuse

A
  • No causal link between substance abuse and family violence but is still common in all forms of family violence
  • Attractive explanations for victims and abusers

Victims: Not a bad person, drugs or alcohol made them do it

Abuser: Lack of control because of drugs or alcohol

  • point to external factors that “caused” the violence
243
Q

EFFECTS ON VICTIMS

Loss of self esteem

A

feel shame, helplessness and blame themselves

244
Q

EFFECTS ON VICTIMS

Feelings of being unworthy

A

common for spousal abuse

245
Q

EFFECTS ON VICTIMS

______________

  • Avoid being hurt or betrayed again
A

Difficulty trusting others

246
Q

HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

In my family…

A
  • challenge rigid gender roles, sexist remarks, jokes or demeaning comments
  • be a good role model for younger members of the family
247
Q

HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

In my intimate relationships…

A
  • create a healthy, equal relationship for myself and my partner
248
Q

HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

In my school…

A
  • Violence against women and children should be apart of the curriculum
  • Support my friends when they experience intimate violence, do not judge them, and provide information so they can make good decisions to be safe
249
Q

Describe situational couple violence

A
  • a term used to describe the less extreme forms of violence that are prevalent in relationships and are less gendered in use
250
Q

In the article you were assigned to read this week, “Women do what they need…”, the author discusses more recent research examining the stress response. What are the two other reactions besides, “fight or flight” that should also be considered?

A

Freeze and Appease

251
Q

According to our video guest lecture, how would a Zapotec mother react to finding out that her child is a Muxe?

A

She will be happy because this child will care for her in her old age

252
Q

Avoidant families would say which of the following conflict

A

If there is a conflict, figure it out on your own

253
Q

As part of this week’s (Stress, abuse, conflict) lecture material, you were assigned an additional video to watch. What was the main point of this video?

A

The importance of respecting other individuals’ right to consent to sex, just like you would respect their right to consent to drinking a cup of tea.

254
Q

The definition of family violence continues to

A

Change

255
Q

Jealousy is a key factor in about ____% of homicides

A

80%

256
Q

When individuals choose to respond to conflict

A

Their choices are informed by foresight

257
Q

A critique of the substance abuse theory is that

A

There is no evidence that it directly causes family violence

258
Q

Frustration aggression theory proposes that

A

Frustration may result when the attainment of a goal is blocked

259
Q

Which of the following is FALSE about Western gay mean and samoan Fa’afafine

a. all the of these are true
b. Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (Gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine)
c. Gay men tend to present themselves in a masculine fashion, while Fa’afafine tend to present themselves in a feminine fashion
d. Both groups do not typically have sex with women

A

b. Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (Gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine)

260
Q

Considering current marriage trends, are people getting married faster?

A

People are delaying this first marriage and are having more serious relationships before they get committed

261
Q

in 2014, __% of 18-30 years olds broke up using digital media

A

56%

262
Q

What form of communication is used the most for breaking up

A

Texting

263
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Many people use social media to break up and report they would not be upset if someone broke up with them that way

A

FALSE

out of the 56%, 73% said the would be upset if someone broke up with them that way

264
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Breaking up over the phone is MUCH more accepted than it used to be

A

TRUE

265
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Tuesday is the most common day to break up on during the week

A

FALSE

Monday is

266
Q

Name the 2 most common times during the year for break ups

A

Spring Break

2 Weeks before Christmas

267
Q

In the additional reading for the Break up lecture, what was the relationship compared to and what animal was shown

A

a box

a turtle

268
Q

Can thinking of a lost love cause physical pain?

A

Yes, this causes a part of the brain that is associated with physical pain

269
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A lot of the time we miss our partners, not the chemicals that were released in our bodies through interacting with them

A

FALSE

Usually you miss the chemicals/feelings

270
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

After a break up, most people still remain friends on Facebook in order to creep their ex and would even go as far as to creep them through a friend’s account

A

TRUE

271
Q

Describe secure attachment style and what happens during a break up

A
  • lets partner know that feelings have changed, strives not to be hurtful
  • Heal from being dumped in a reasonable way/amount of time
272
Q

Describe insecure/anxious attachment style and what happens during a break up

A
  • Less likely to do the breaking up

- Difficulty letting go

273
Q

Lewandowski suggested people to __________ after a break up

A

Write it out

  • writing about the positive aspects of the break up causes one to experience more positive emotions about the end of the relationship
274
Q

Name a few other ways that one should do while coping with a break up

A
  • Take care of your body
  • Eat nourishing meals
    Exercise
  • Let yourself be sad
  • Spend time with family and friends
  • Purge your social media
275
Q

Describe “ghosting”

A

ceasing communications suddenly and entirely with someone you are dating but no longer wish to date

276
Q

Describe what “ghosting” does to the recipient

A

short term, emotional chaos, mid-term confusion, long term resentment

277
Q

Describe “icing” and what it does to the recipient

A

Manufacturing a reason to suspend the relationship (too busy)

He/she knows exactly what’s going on, and he/she knows you’re just too weak to end it, fastest path to resentment

278
Q

Describe “simmering” and what it does to the recipient

A

Reducing the frequency of dates and communication

A vague sense that something is wrong and that an end is imminent but not enough evidence for a direct confrontation

279
Q

Describe “Power Parting” and what it does to the recipient

A

Ending it conclusively in language that can’t be misinterpreted by wishful thinking

Clarity and resolution, a fast healing time and no haunting hopes or ambiguity

280
Q

Describe breaking up with passion and the 4 rules

A
  1. Take responsibility
    - Your feelings/needs have changed but be upfront about this
  2. Do it face-face (or at least over the phone)
    - Let them know they matter
  3. Be honest (but don’t be tactless or mean)
    - Let them know that they aren’t what you’re looking for, but don’t suggest something is wrong with them
  4. Make a clean break
    - Let them know you’re sad too, but we don’t suggest together as friends
281
Q

FOUR FEET UP

What do people in the movie see as the likely future for this family?

A
  • Unknown
  • Opportunities will continue to decrease
  • The family can only focus on crisis management (after a problem arises) and not crisis prevention
282
Q

FOUR FEET UP

What is it like getting resources for this family?

A
  • Food bank
  • Lack of support systems
  • Social assistance from the government (many questions)
283
Q

FOUR FEET UP

What have interactions with institutions been like for this family?

A
  • Very negative, usually police, Child services etc.
  • People unexpectedly checking up on them
  • Always focussed on the negative aspects

Couple and Family Relationships (1 decks)

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