Final Exam Flashcards
How is pregnancy viewed in your early twenties?
Focused on contraception
At what time does an individual’s view on pregnancy shift from avoiding getting pregnant to actually trying to get pregnant
during their late 20’s to early 30’s
What dictates the parental role?
- Age of the child
2. Experiences the child brings to the parent
A child, whether adopted of genetically related is considered a ________ relative and this makes the relationship durable ______ and ______
Consanguine (Blood related)
Culturally
Legally
After having a child, ____ of couples report a __________ and less motivation to work on the ________ with the birth of a first child however some relationships
75%
decline in feelings of love
couple relationship
Improve
Describe the transition points that are involved in becoming a parent
- Deciding to have a baby
- Conception
- Getstation
- Birth
- Process of adapting to having the child at home
Provide an example of a complex timing norm about parent-child relationships that are age and duration graded
Breast feeding
Describe some common reasons for wanting children
- Conformity
- having children is what you do as an adult - Experience
- Don’t want to miss out on the experience of having kids - Social capital
- Having children adds to the network of relationships an individual has access to - Security in old age
- Comfort in knowing somebody will more than likely take care of you during old age
Choosing not to have children is considered ________ and doesn’t mean ______
fine
you don’t like children
Name some factors to consider before having children
- Kids are expensive
- Average cost of raising a kid from infancy to 18 years of age is $243, 660
- Does not include university - Complications
- Not everyone can physically make a baby - Work
- LAT Couples
- Parent is a noun and a verb
- Sacrifice
Describe what occurred after Nebraska decriminalized child abandonment
- After Nebraska decriminalized child abandonment, parents from all over the United States were bringing their children of all different ages to drop off their children for good. In total, 36 children of different ages were dropped off at hospitals, police stations etc.
Describe intended vs. unintended pregnancy and the factors that contribute to it
- Intended pregnancy is when a couple plans to get pregnant with a child
- Unintended pregnancy is when pregnancy is not planned and a child is conceived
- 40% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned
- Unintended children receive fewer parental resources
- Less emotional and cognitive support
- Increased stress levels in parent and child
Describe intended fertility
how many children you would like to have
Describe actual fertility
How many children you actually have
During the transition to parenthood, there are many factors to consider; Describe some Economic Factors that contribute to having a child
- Considered more heavily now than in previous generations
- Relates to the couples desired life style
- Expenses include: housing, child care, transportation, food consumption
- Have to consider loss of income during pregnancy and maternity/paternity leave
Describe some Structural factors that relate to the transition to parenthood
- Employment status
- Particularly mothers and if daycare is needed - Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity
- Values and functions adults apply to having children and number of children the couple desires - Family size norms
- Middle class women have fewer children
- Social pressures from parents to have children
Describe some Psychosocial factors that relate to the transition to parenthood
- Altruistic
- Unselfish desire to express affection and concern for children - Generativity (Erikson)
- Fulfillment of one’s psychological need to be needed - Fatalistic Perspective
- Believe in procreation and continuation of the family name - Instrumental reasons
- Children achieve things parents did not, pleases one’s own parents, secure an instrumental relationship
There are ____ social meanings of parenthood that tend to be ____ meaning they promote reproduction
6
Pronatalist
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Parenthood is a moral Obligation
- Old testament directive to be fruitful and multiply
- Obligated to reproduce and replenish society
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Continuation of culture depends of reproduction
Parenthood is a civic responsibility
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Parenthood is natural for adults
- Expected and natural behaviour of adulthood
- Conception is a natural consequence of intercourse
- Negative assumptions made about individuals who are childless
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Parenthood is a statement of human sexuality
- Implies that an individual adult is capable of reproduction
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Parenthood is a confirmation of marriage
- Parenthood gives true meaning to a committed relationship between adults
- “Believed” to round out a marriage and prevent divorce
SOCIAL MEANINGS OF PARENTHOOD
- Having children was thought to fulfill a personal destiny for women
- Having children is a means of achieving adult status
Parenthood is normal adult behaviour
Who is usually more prepared when it comes to parenthood?
Those who stop taking birth control and let whatever happens happen or those who initiate sex with the goal of getting pregnant?
Those who initiate sex with the goal of getting pregnant are usually more prepared
Describe infertility in males
Lower live sperm count leads to reproductive problems
Ovulation disorders, fallopian tube blockages or pelvic inflammatory disease can all result in _______
Female infertility
In Canada, 1 in 5 babies have a _____ who is aged 35 or older
mother
Describe some reasons why people might have children later in life
- Economic changes
- Raising babies is expensive
- Educated women delay or avoid childbearing as it will ruin their economic future and opportunities
What country has the best maternity leave options in the world?
France
In Canada, ___% have fewer children while ___% have delayed having a family or didn’t have a child at all
25%
28%
The average number of children a women will have in her life time is ____ and is lower than the previous average rate of ____
- 5
2. 1
In 1995, the number of live births from women aged 35-49 has risen from 11.8 per 1000 women to ____ since ___
13.5
2004
Describe the video shown in class about transgendered pregnancy
- Transgendered couple conceives two sons
- Wife was born a boy
- Husband was born a girl
- Family was not supportive, lots of bullying in school
- Husband gave birth to children
Feeney et al, asked first time parents what they disliked most about parenting in 2001, the top answers were______ and ______. When asked what they liked best, they responded with _____ and ____
Lack of sleep
Not knowing what to do
Just having the baby
Being close to my spouse
In Belsky and Rovine’s 1990 study that followed couples from pregnancy to 3 years postpartum, wives reported a _____ in their marriage because they felt there was a
Decline
decrease in love and less effort on relationship maintenance
Increased amounts of perceived conflict
Ambivalence about the marriage
In Belsky and Rovine’s 1990 study, husbands showed a decline in _______ except _____
in all areas
perceived conflict
During pregnancy, the couple must discuss who will take the maternity/paternity leave after the birth of the child. Some factors to consider are:
- Who is earning the most salary
- Need for rest after labour and birth
- Breast feeding
In order to keep your marriage safe after the birth of a child, Cowan and Cowan suggest _______ and found a _______
talking realistically about expectations
HUGE decrease in divorce
Until the mid 1800s, children were viewed as an ______
economic asset
______ turned children into economic liabilities
Industrialization
How will a parent know they are a successful parent in North America
- Their child is economically independent
2. Has good social skills
SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Psychoanalytic Theory
Focus on individual patient
Developmental stages as stages of Conflict (Erikson)
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Psychology theories
- No clinical focus
- Individual unit is the mental processes
- Developmental stages as stages of cognitive development (Piaget)
- Sensorimotor stage
- Birth to 2 years old
- Child sees the world through their senses
- Differentiation of object from background
- Object permanence - Pre-operational stage
- 2 to 7 years old
- Vocal and written language and nominal grouping - Concrete operational stage
- 7 to 11 years of age
- Conservation of matter
- Ordinal series - Formal operational stage
- 11 years old and greater
- Formal symbolic logic
- Manipulation of symbols
SOCIALIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Sociological theories
- Individual unit the parent-child dyad or family unit
- Developmental stages seen as sequential stages (George Herbert Mead)
- Play Stage
- Learning to take on a social role and learning that there are social rules for these roles - Game stage
- Learning that we can take on multiple roles
Daycare isn’t so bad if
it is of high care and mother is not insensitive
Describe child compliance
response to directions from responsible adults
Describe child achievement
Social achievement
- how well a child can socialize?
Academic achievement
- How well a child does in school
DISCIPLINE
Spanking can be seen as ______ or ______. Children are _______
abuse or essential to child rearing
sensitive to physical cues
Hug = safety Spank = Danger
Children who are spanked are more likely to
- commit crimes
- suffer depression
- go to jail
- get into fights
- commit suicide
- abuse alcohol or drugs
** Important to remember it is correlational research not causation
Margareet has recently learned that if she pours the water from a small glass into a larger one, the amount of water is the same even though there is more empty space in the larger glass. Which age is Margareet most likely to be?
9
Children who are spanked are more likely to
a. Eat too much
b. Cry at random times
c. Go to jail
d. Commit fewer crimes
c. Go to jail
Which of the following is not a structural factor discussed in relation to the decision about becoming parents?
a. Socioeconomic status
b. Place of residence
c. Ethnic group membership
d. Size of family desired
b. Place of residence
What is the term for the way in which a child responds to directions from their parents and other responsible adults?
a. Compliance
b. Questioning
c. Achievement
d. Obedience
a. Compliance
Traditional authoritarianism assumes that parents should be the loving authority, what example best explains this concept?
a. Joshís parents only express affection towards him after he complies with their requests, if he doesnít, his privileges are taken away
b. Julieís parents regularly send her to her room to take ìtime outî and she can only come out when sheís willing to comply with their requests
c. Greg is willing to cooperate with his parents because they have always been willing to cooperate with him
d. Jamie’s parents explain their expectations about the house rules and are willing to negotiate with her
a. Joshís parents only express affection towards him after he complies with their requests, if he doesnít, his privileges are taken away
Jamie and Chris are expecting their first child and have decided that only 1 can take parental leave or else the baby will cause some problems. According to our lecture, which os these factors are likely to contribute to their decision around who takes leave?
- Who is earning the most salary
- Breast feeding
- The need for rest after child birth
Luna and Carrie have decided to have a child together and Carrie is pregnant with their first baby. They’re both worried about the increased risk of divorce. What does research by Cowan & Cowan suggest they do to significantly decrease that risk?
a. Involve the grandparents as much as possible
b. Talk realistically about their expectations
c. This risk cannot be reduced or avoided
d. Hire a nanny
b. Talk realistically about their expectations
In class Dr. N told a story about a group of preschoolers who had a visit from Santa. What happened?
a. Santa ran by the window repeatedly in Summer and the Children thought it was December.
b. The teacher dressed as Santa and the children thought Santa was there and she was gone.
c. The teacher displayed a Santa costume and the children thought Santa had died.
d. Santa joined the teacher and the children were excited but confused.
b. The teacher dressed as Santa and the children thought Santa was there and she was gone.
Piaget is responsible for
Stages of cognitive development
During class we watched a video where two reporters discussed their opinions on a US State law allowing adults to drop off their children and surrender them. Children of all ages were dropped off, some from states away, before the law was changed. What was included in this video?
a. Society is judgemental about men and women who choose not to have children, or who choose to have them later than their peers.
b. All of these options were included in the video.
c. Don’t have children before you feel ready, or don’t have them at all if you don’t want to.
d. Parenting is difficult, and that’s rarely discussed.
b. All of these options were included in the video.
FAMILY AS AN INSTITUTION
Zimmerman believes _____
- the North American family is close to becoming a domestic institution
- The family institution is bigger than the sum of it’s parts
in 1976, 42% of the workforce was made up of women. In 2008, that number has risen to___. This could be due to the increase in opportunities for women including ______ and _______
63%
service sector
Non-standard work
Regarding work and families, Canadians are experiencing more
role overload
Describe how the dynamic relationship between work and family has changed over the years
- Young mothers returning to work
2. Older men retiring and taking part in child care
Name 2 advantages of education
- economic well being
2. health and longer life span
Name 2 gender differences in the relationship between education and family
- Men become more attractive partners
2. Women more likely to end up in a less flexible career
Who influences religious socialization and what must happen in order for it to succeed?
- Congregation influences
- Parental influences
- Peer influence
- Stronger influences come from members who feel strongly attached to the faith group
SEX AND RELIGION
Christianity:
Islam:
Judaism:
Christianity: Husbands and wives should fulfill each other’s needs
Islam: Sex is a sign of God’s mercy
Judaism: Sex should not be selfish and is a women’s right
In order to succeed, what must the government do
make sure their citizens are relatively satisfied and their needs are met
Name 4 ways the government influences families with laws
- Who is considered a family
- Who can be legally married
- Who cares for children
- Fertility - regulation of contraceptives and abortion
In the movie babies, we saw two going to daycare and/or caregiver/baby play groups. The families of these children were from?
Japan and USA
Which of these is an advantage of gaining a higher education for men?
a. Become more in debt
b. Have a less flexible career
c. have multiple careers
d. become more attractive
d. become more attractive
Religious socialization is:
a. not easy to study
b. not impacted by peer influences
c. not subject to congregational influences
d. not related to peer influences
a. not easy to study
The relationship between families and social institutions such as academia is:
a. unidirectional: social institutions govern and regulate families, so these institutions influence families but never the other way
b. bi-directional: they both influence each other heavily
c. nonexistent: families and institutions do not influence each other, they simply coexist
d. unidirectional: social institutions are made up of familes and serve them, so the families influence the institutions and never the other way
b. bi-directional: they both influence each other heavily
In the movie babies, all but the child from Namibia showed access to:
a. Nutrition
b. social supports
c. Western style medicine
d. Relatives
c. western style medicine
If older men retire and take care of grandchildren, they are ____ likely to take a _____ role in childcare as grandparents than they did as parents
more
greater
Which of these are typical influences that the government has through family laws?
a. who cares for children
b. who can be legally married
c. who is considered a family
d. all of these answers
d. all of these answers
Which of these is an expected outcome of gaining a higher education for women?
a. become more attractive
b. have a less flexible career
c. have less school debt
d. have a more flexible career
b. have a less flexible career
Why was the movie Babies unique?
No dialogue or subtitles
What percentage of the workforce was made up of women in 1976?
42%
Sex refers to the _____
biological characteristics of males and females
Gender refers to the ________
social attitudes and behaviours of males and females
Role
behaviour associated with someone who holds a particular status
Gender role
behaviour expected of a female or male in a particular culture
Sex role
behaviour defined by biological constraints
gender binary
the categorization of gender into two distinct, opposite sexes
Trans/transgendered
an umbrella term applied to those whose gender identity is not the same as the sex they were assigned at birth
Some who identifies exclusively as their sex assigned at birth
cisgender
gender queer
a term applied to individuals who do not identify within the gender binary
Transition
the process of changing one’s gender expression to match their gender identity
Cross dresser and transvestites
a member of one gender dresses up in clothes and other gender specific attire to appear to be a member of the other gender
Transsexual and transgendered persons
a person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity or self concept of the other gender and may undergo processes and/or procedures to change that sex or gender
Gender identity
A person’s psychological sense of being male or female
Intersexed
a person who has intersexed sexual organs
rare - between 1 in 700 and 1 in 5000 live births
CAUSES:
- exposure to exogenous steroids during fetal development
- chromosomal abnormalities
- errors of metabolism affecting reproductive hormones
The 1965 Reimer case: =
accidental surgery damage in twin boys, one lost their genitals so parents thought he would do better being raised as a girl.
WHY DO GENDER ROLES DIFFER?
Sociobiology
- social behaviour results from biological differences
- testosterone and estrogens
WHY DO GENDER ROLES DIFFER?
Learning Theories
- we learn behaviours from our interactions with the environment
- reinforcement: rewards and punishments
- modelling and imitation
Socialization
process by which people learn the characteristics of their group
GENDER ROLES AND KIDS
Preschool:
stereotyped beliefs about occupations and activities that are not flexible
ex. girls can’t be police officers
GENDER ROLES AND KIDS
Middle childhood
understand stereotypes and gender stereotype flexibility
- overlap in characteristics of males and females
- more flexible, more likely to not believe in stereotypes
** Males have less flexibility
Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive Theory about Gender Identity
- Gender Labelling (2-3 years)
- understand that they are either a boy or girl - Gender stability (preschool)
- understand gender is stable
- ex: boys become men
- BUT believe that if you change something, your sex has changed
- ex. girls who wear their hair like boys will become a boy - Gender Consistency (4-7 years)
- understand sex is biological
- remains the same if a person engages in “cross-gender” activities
- Does not change because of toys or clothes
- when they understand labels, stability and consistency, they have mastered gender constancy
Describe Gender Schema Theory
- form basic gender identity, develop gender schemas where an organized set of gender related beliefs influence behaviour and are based on interactions and observations of other as well as the environment and culture
Helps determine what:
- individuals attend to
- interpretations of the world
- memory of experiences
Name 4 ways parents socialize their children:
- Physical and Verbal Manipulations
- degree that children are handled more gently or roughly - Stereotypical gender identified objects
- trucks and dolls - Different verbal descriptions of the same behaviour
- gentle, aggressive, non-competitive - Stereotypical gender identified activities
- cooking or shovelling snow
Fathers tend to:
- spend more time with their sons than daughters
- are playmates with children
- set higher standards for their sons compared to daughters
- stress feelings and emotions with daughters more than sons
Mothers tend to:
- express affection and verbal praise to sons and daughters equally
- stress emotions and feelings with daughters more than sons
GENDER SOCIALIZATION AND PEERS
peer influences
- offer support or disapproval
- socialize to conform to certain styles of interaction
Girls are influenced by
- dolls
- appearance
Boys are influence by:
- action figures
- toughness
Boys are often given more attention from teachers and are:
- more likely to be called on
- more likely to be given time to talk
- more likely to be given praise
- more demanding and loud
Girls often have higher grades compared to boys except in math an science. They are ____
- less likely to be called on in class
- if incorrect, less likely to be instructed about the correct way or answer
In women, the most common occupations are:
- retail
- administrative assistant
- registered nurse
- cashier
- elementary school or kindergarten teacher
In men, the most common occupations are:
- retail sales
- transport truck driver
- retail and wholesale manager
- carpenter
- Janitor
what is mediawatch.com’s mission and what do they endorse
- to challenge abusive stereotypes and other biased information commonly found in the media through education and action
- endorses media literacy as a part of the standard curriculum in kindergarten - grade 12 educational systems
Describe Kathoey and where it originated from
Third gender in Thailand. Also referred to as lady boys - biological male with feminine social behaviours but are attracted to men
Tombois in Indonesia are______
biological females who want to be accepted as and live like a man. They are attracted to women
______ are biological males who dress and act feminine
Samoan Fa’afafine
TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES AND STABILITY
Name some benefits for females and males
Males:
- instrumental focus on work identity
- high income and job advantages
- less domestic work and marital stress
Females:
- expressive focus on feelings and other;s needs
- identity tied to relationships rather than work
- close attachments with children
TRADITIONAL GENDER ROLES AND STABILITY
Name some drawbacks of this for females and males
Males:
- personal self worth tied to job and income
- job related to stress and less time for family
- limited emotional expression
- limitations of child custody
Females:
- reduced income and career fulfillment
- dependent on spouse
- the beauty problem
- less personal self worth
Describe Androgyny
the quality of having both male and female culturally define characteristics
Post gender transcendence
- beyond gender
- abandoning gender as an identity
- rejecting gender as a justification for inequality
Role conflict
- expectations of two or more rules are incompatible
- anxiety and confusion
Which of these is NOT a potential cause of being intersex?
a. All of these are potential causes
b. Exposure to exogenous steroids during fetal development
c. Errors of metabolism affecting reproductive hormones
d. Chromosomal abnormalities
a. All of these are potential causes
Behaviour is associated with someone who holds a particular status is a definition of:
a. Role
b. Gender Role
c. Sex Role
d. Gender Identity
a. Role
Marcus believes that our biology and sex hormones drive major gender differences. He believes women are born to be softer and more nurturing, due to estrogen. Meanwhile men are born to be tougher and better protectors, due to testosterone. Which theory does he likely support?
a. Cognitive theory of gender identity
b. Sociobiology
c. Learning theories
d. Gender constancy
b. Sociobiology
Teachers are more likely to _______ boys and ______ girls
give talk time to
avoid instructing when wrong to
fathers are more likely to ______ while mothers are more likely to ______
spend more time with their sons
give verbal praise to sons and daughters equally
Alex is in first grade and likes to watch television when she comes home from school. In the commercials, she sees that dolls are played with by girls while blocks are played with by boys. After watching the commercial she put down her blocks, turns to her parents, and asks them to buy her a doll. Which concept has she demonstrated?
a. Gender Identity
b. Sex Role
c. Gender Roles
d. Socialization
d. Socialization
When Eve was born her doctors and parents identified her as female, based on her genitalia. However, as Eve grew up she realized that she felt more like a boy than a girl. Eventually, Eve asked people to stop using her birth name, and to start calling him Joe instead. Deep down, Joe knew he was actually male, in spite of his anatomy at birth. According to this description, Joe’s _____________ is male.
a. Gender Identity
b. Sex Role
c. Socialization
d. Gender Role
Gender identity
In class we watched a video on the Fa’afafine. What is their gender?
Fa’afafine are men who dress and act in feminine ways
Martinee likes to wear make-up occasionally, takes pride in muscle building, can sooth a fussy baby better than anyone else they know, and prefers to shave their head. Martinee is demonstrating:
a. role conflict
b. one gender expression
c. cisgenderism
d. androgyny
d. androgyny
Which of these things does gender schema determine?
a. what is remembered about experiences
b. all of the above
c. interpretations of the world
d. what individuals attend to
b. all of the above
What is the most common cause of death in the elderly?
The common flu
After 30, your chances of dying ____ every _____ years
- doubles
- 8 years
Name 3 theories behind aging
- Genetics
- Evolutionary pressures
- Diet
Describe middle age
40-65 years
long (20-25 years), diverse process which may include becoming first time parents or great grandparents. Transitional in the sense that it includes launching of children and new duties such as caring for aging parents
Describe men at midlife
- lives focus on family and work in which both of these areas could be in transition
- for some, strain leads to midlife crisis
Describe women at midlife
More intimate relationships with family as role includes more nurturing and childbearing tasks
women experience menopause and are considered “old” before men
At midlife, couples ____ which may lead to an increase in sex because_______
review their marriages and work out new arrangements
- more time
- more freedom
- less worried about pregnancy
- more privacy
launching refers to
when children leave the home
delayed launching leads to
decreased satisfaction
Now that the couple is alone, they must ____
renegotiate their couple systems as a dyad or pair rather than as a part of a larger family
Couples who have stayed together for the kids are more likely to
break up
Boomerang children
children that came back
can be caused by:
- parental separation
- divorce
- job loss
- inability to make it on their own
Cluttered nest
children who never leave but establish new families as co-residents in the family home
At Midlife, an individual who is apart of the sandwich generation provides ______
care for elderly parents as well as their own children
Sandwich generation individuals can be described as:
- coping, managing
- giving up their own social activities
- spending less time with their spouses
- spending less time with their children
The typical caregiver is
45-54 years old, partnered, employed and female
One reason an adult child may feel obligated to take care of their parents is because
they looked after them when they were younger; they feel the roles have reversed
The caregiver-care receiver relationship also affects the elderly parent:
- feel a loss of power
- can still provide emotional, practical and financial help for adult children
- emotional strain when need assistance because of failing health
Older adults are ages____ and over
65+
True or False: Older adults are not sexually active
False
Ageism refers to
- stereotyping of older persons
- usually negative but can be positive
Benefits of aging
- Wisdom
- ability to apply knowledge of life events to make optimal decisions when trying to solve life problems
- may be better at foreshadowing problems or problem solving due to their vast life experience
Young - old ages:
65-74 years of age
old-old ages:
75-84 years of age
oldest old ages:
85+
Chronological age refers to
age in years
age measured by competence or performance is called
functional age
physiological aging
- physiological changes are regarded
- works in manual labour
- works in professional field
- some social scientists suggest that old age begins when physical disability sets in
psychological aging
- aging is a frame of mind
- changes in personality, cognition, emotional arousal, memory, learning and motivation
social age
- changes in social roles and social status over time
- social age is based on cultural norms which specify how one should act at a certain age
- timing markers include: grandparenthood, widowhood and retirement
Approximately, ___% of individuals aged 65 and older are ____
30%
widowed
Who is more likely to be widowed and why?
Widowhood occurs more for women than man mainly because women marry older men and are less likely to remarry
about half of women aged 75-79 years old are widowed while only 16% of men are widowed
Why are remarriage rates higher for men than women?
- it is difficult for older women to find new partners
- since women live longer than men, and men tend to marry women younger than themselves, older women are often squeezed out of marriage
People in poor health, poor financial situations and the way old are ____ remarry
do not
Positives of remarriage
- larger kin network
- happy with relationships
- increase financial and emotional stability
- enhance relationships with children
For older people, family relationships depend on a number of factors that include:
- A person must have relatives in order to have any interaction
- Happy with relationships
- The quality of family relationships is important
More men than women over the age of 65 are ____
married
Who has more social support? Men or Women?
women
couples who are married at this point have a more ______ attitude towards life, more ____ and more emotional ______
relaxed
time
emotional connectedness
How does Erikson describe aging?
describes midlife as being a challenge between generativity and self absorption and stagnation
Generativity
Ability to move beyond your own interests and toward helping the generation to come
Stagnation
- inability to find value in guiding and aiding the next generation
- late life has it’s own challenging between finding integrity or living in despair
Describe integrity
ability to accept one’s life as something that had to be rather than regretting what it was not
describe Despair
feeling that life has been in vain and is felt by a person who is still not satisfied with how their life turned out
who came up with the 4 areas of generativity and described it as a major life task?
Korte
Describe biological generativity
people contribute to society by having children
describe parental generativity
involves nurturing and socializing children may or may not be biological
describe technical generativity
involves contributing by teaching skills to the next generation
describe cultural generativity
involves passing on cultural values and traditions to the next generation
Can 1 person be generative in 1 or all areas?
Yes
Drake is in his 70s and has decided to begin mentoring youth in tradition, history and values of hip hop. What type of generativity is this, according to Korte
a. cultural
b. biological
c. parental
d. technical
a. cultural
Which of these experiences are common during middle age?
a. parenting
b. grandparenting
c. empty nest
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of these is NOT one of Korte’s areas of generativity?
a. biological
b. Parental
c. Chronological
d. Technical
c. Chronological
Gene, Tina, and Louise are all siblings. Tina and Louise each moved out around the age of 20, but Gene stayed to work at his parents’ diner until he got married at the age of 30. What is this called?
a. Delayed launch
b. Slow launching
c. Boomerang
d. Cluttered nest
a. delayed launch
Why are women more likely to be widowed and single than men?
a. Heterosexual men often marry younger women
b. Once women reach a certain age they are less likely to remarry
c. Women live longer than men
d. All of these
d. all of these
Gwyneth and Chris’s youngest child has finally moved out fo the house. Which of these tasks is most likely to happen next for the couple?
a. They must renegotiate their relationship as a couple, instead of parts of a larger family
b. They must go out and celebrate having their home back to themselves
c. They must reevaluate their finances in light of the changing circumstances
d. All of the above
a. They must renegotiate their relationship as a couple, instead of parts of a larger family
Ron and Hermoine are a middle aged couple. Who is expected to feel that this is a time of fulfillment for them, especially with their career, according to our lectures?
a. Both
b. Hermione
c. Ron
d. Neither one
c. Ron
widowhood occurs most for who?
a. women
b. men
c. people who worked jobs involving intense physical labour
d. none of these
a. women
who is MOST likely to remarry among this list?
a. Men
b. Those in poor health
c. Financially stressed people
d. the very old
a. men
which of the following is NOT a reason that some middle aged people have more sex?
a. less nervousness about performance
b. more time
c. increased sense of freedom, including from pregnancy
d. more privacy
a. less nervousness about performance
TRUE OR FALSE
Fa’afafine are bullied more than straight men in their culture
FALSE
TRUE OR FALSE
The majority of men who engage in sexual activity with the Fa’afafine also have sex with women
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
In Mexico, when a mother has a Muxes for a child (like a Fa’afafine), she is unhappy. Explain why or why not
FALSE
She is overjoyed as she knows that the Muxe will take care of her in old age (old age security)
TRUE OR FALSE
Sometimes men go to Muxes to lose their virginity
TRUE
Men should be experienced but women should remain virgins until marriage so they go to Muxes to become experienced
Name a few events or issues that could arise causing stress in the family
- everyday life tasks
- Life transitions and events like having a child
- Chronic illnesses
- Sudden accident/disability
- Substance abuse
- Violence
- Job loss
Name the primary stress hormone
Cortisol
In Japan, the term _____ means overworked/ death from work
Karōshi
Considering stress hormones, what hormone is considered good and is often called the “cuddling/hug” hormone
oxytocin
When stress occurs, how does it affect your immune system?
- Immune system doesn’t work at the optimal level causing you to be more susceptible to illness
- White blood cells don’t function as well
- Stress causes physiological and psychological reactions from the body
How families handle their problems will depend on: _________
- their outlook on life and situations
- their resources
- individual factors (health)
- normative life stress
TRUE OR FALSE
Hill’s ABC-X model focuses on individual development rather than family development across the life course
FALSE
Importance is focused on family development across the life course
Define the factors used in Hill’s ABC-X model
A -
B -
C -
X -
How did Hill see stressors?
A - provoking event or stressor
B - Family’s resources or strengths at the time of the event
C - meaning/perception attached to the event for the family
X - Represents the stressor and crisis
Hill sees stressors as neither positive or negative but as normative
Stressors have the ability to initiate change in the family system
Describe the double ABC-X model
- Longitudinal model
- Time was included
- Included the idea of a “pile up” where multiple stressors occurred at the same time such as moving across the country for a new job right after having a new baby
Describe Olsen’s model
- stress and conflict in family life doesn’t mean that abuse must take place
- proper handling of stress and crisis cab actually strengthen a family and help it grow in intimacy
There are three important dimensions of family functioning:
- Cohesion
- Flexibility
- Communication
Describe how we learn about conflicts in our relationships with family, romantic partners and bosses and co-workers
Family members
- direct and indirect conflict (sometimes it doesn’t involve you)
Romantic Partners
- Success of the relationship is based on how we perceive and handle conflict
Work Place
- Often can promote conflict management
Describe conflict in avoidant families
- conflict doesn’t exist and they don’t recognize it
- They don’t tell anyone if there is a struggle ‘
- don’t ever raise your voice
- snide comments are fine
- sulking and silent treatment are necessary strategies
- Don’t express strong feelings
Describe conflict in collaborative families
- Have a family meeting or mealtime chat to discuss issues
- deal with people indirectly
- say openly what you are feeling
- dirty tricks such as sulking not allowed
- strong feelings are seen as normal
- parents need to help resolve their children’s conflicts
Describe conflict in aggressive families
- survival of the fittest
- be brutally honest regardless of the impact
- establish your own position early
- don’t back down - hold your ground no matter
- you have to take it if someone attacks you
- people who don’t engage are weak
Conflict is an expressed struggle between __________
at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals
_______ is verbal and non verbal
joint communicative
what is central in all interpersonal conflict and why
communication
- communication behaviours often creates and reflects conflict
What is a key factor that contributes to conflict and why
interdependence
- people who are not dependent upon each other with no special interest in what the other does, do not have conflict
Describe how mutual activity contributes to conflict
- decide to be interdependent or independent agents
- move back and forth, need to find balance
- unproductive interdependence leads to gridlocked conflicts
Describe how incompatible goals can cause conflict
- goals not adding up
- wanting the same thing but not looking at the bigger picture
describe how perceived scarce resources can cause conflict and name two examples of resources (characteristics etc.) that contribute to the conflict
- resources could be positively perceived physical, economic or social consequences
- power and self esteem
Describe interference in relationships and how it contributes to conflict
associated with blocking
- person doing the blocking is seen as the problem
In arguments, two people can have different memories of the same event. This is due to different perception and because people can ________
remember what THEY did, but not what the other did
In order to avoid conflict in the relationship, partners must accept _____________ and shouldn’t assume _________
that there is no true version of the story
their partner is lying
_______ are behaviours intended to manage or resolve conflict. It can reduce conflict or escalate it
Conflict strategies
Strategic choice
Partners have the choice in how they respond to conflict
- choices can be informed foresight
- Choices may also be from guesswork, mindless, or habit
What are some factors that explain why partners choose one strategy rather than another
Situational factors such as third parties or structural arrangements
The definition of family violence will _______
continue to change
Name some common types of family violence
- Physical abuse
- sexual abuse & exploitation
- Neglect
- Psychological or emotional abuse
- economic or financial abuse
- spiritual abuse
____% of spousal incidents between same sex couples reported to police between 1995-2004 were ______ incidents
70%
single
Police reported spousal violence represents about __% of all police reported violent crimes in Canada
12%
Female victims account for about __% of all victims of spousal abuse
83%
Anger can be described as
- healthy, natural feeling
- Lash out or say things we don’t mean
- Safe
- Controlled
- Non-violent
- Occurs in all contexts of life
- Closure and opportunities for responsibility
_______:
- Not natural and unhealthy
- Purposeful, strategic, and a choice
- Power
- other person is always the problem
- Occurs in private
- Does not take responsibility: Minimize, deny, blame, justify
Abuse
PSYCHIATRIC MODELS
Psychopathology Theory
- proposed that individuals that suffer from mental illness, personality disorders, and other dysfunctions that cause them to engage in aggressive acts with the family
- This model failed to identify personality traits related to violence
- No specific disorder always linked to abuse
PSYCHIATRIC MODELS
Substance-Abuse Theory
- Proposed that alcohol drugs cause or contribute to family violence
- No evidence that it is directly causes family violence
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Exchange/social Control Theory
- Persons act according to a system of rewards or punishments
- Family violence is based on determination of costs and rewards
- Resort to violence to obtain goals as long as what they achieve outweighed by the cost of aggression
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Frustration - Aggression Theory
- Individuals will react aggressively when a goal is blocked or frustrated
- Frustration may result when the attainment of a goal is blocked
- Critique: does not explain the complexities of society
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Ecological Theory
- Looks at organism, environment, interaction systems that family development occurs and the environment in which the family resides
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS
Ecological Theory
Two Conditions of child abuse to occur:
- Environment in which the family lives must accept the use of force against children
- Family must be isolated from supporting community services or systems
- mismatched with the neighbourhood and community
SOCIAL CULTURAL MODELS
Culture and violence theory
- Violence is unevenly distributed within society
- Violence is more prevalent in lower socioeconomic sectors of society
- Violence is a learned response and reflects socialization or acceptance of violence as appropriate behaviour
Critique
- does not explain how subcultural values originate or are modified
SOCIAL CULTURAL MODELS
________ Theory
- Explains violence towards women
- society is dominated by males and women and children in the subordinate positions
(treated as positions by men) - Laws and customs combine to uphold this difference in power between men and women legitimize their different status
Patriarchy Theory - Feminist Theory
SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY
General Systems Theory
- Violence within the family is a result of a system failure rather than individual pathology
- Family system operates to maintain, increase or decrease levels of violence within the family
- Alternative course of action, feedback and system goals
COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
Isolation
- Private form aggression
- Level of family privacy increases, social control decreases
EXAMPLE
- Children told to keep secrets
- Abuser will restrict spouses’ social contacts
COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
_______
- abuse occurs in relationships with the greatest _________
- Use of force on the less powerful child or spouse
Ways to reduce differential:
- Higher forms of employment
- educating children that they have the right or power to say no to abuse and violence
Power Differentials
COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
Power/Powerlessness
- Person perceives that they lack power or control in their work or social environment BUT they have power in their family relationships
- power over less powerful individuals: Ability to control the behaviours of others, with or without their consent
COMMON FEATURES OF FAMILY VIOLENCE
Substance Abuse
- No causal link between substance abuse and family violence but is still common in all forms of family violence
- Attractive explanations for victims and abusers
Victims: Not a bad person, drugs or alcohol made them do it
Abuser: Lack of control because of drugs or alcohol
- point to external factors that “caused” the violence
EFFECTS ON VICTIMS
Loss of self esteem
feel shame, helplessness and blame themselves
EFFECTS ON VICTIMS
Feelings of being unworthy
common for spousal abuse
EFFECTS ON VICTIMS
______________
- Avoid being hurt or betrayed again
Difficulty trusting others
HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
In my family…
- challenge rigid gender roles, sexist remarks, jokes or demeaning comments
- be a good role model for younger members of the family
HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
In my intimate relationships…
- create a healthy, equal relationship for myself and my partner
HOW CAN I MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
In my school…
- Violence against women and children should be apart of the curriculum
- Support my friends when they experience intimate violence, do not judge them, and provide information so they can make good decisions to be safe
Describe situational couple violence
- a term used to describe the less extreme forms of violence that are prevalent in relationships and are less gendered in use
In the article you were assigned to read this week, “Women do what they need…”, the author discusses more recent research examining the stress response. What are the two other reactions besides, “fight or flight” that should also be considered?
Freeze and Appease
According to our video guest lecture, how would a Zapotec mother react to finding out that her child is a Muxe?
She will be happy because this child will care for her in her old age
Avoidant families would say which of the following conflict
If there is a conflict, figure it out on your own
As part of this week’s (Stress, abuse, conflict) lecture material, you were assigned an additional video to watch. What was the main point of this video?
The importance of respecting other individuals’ right to consent to sex, just like you would respect their right to consent to drinking a cup of tea.
The definition of family violence continues to
Change
Jealousy is a key factor in about ____% of homicides
80%
When individuals choose to respond to conflict
Their choices are informed by foresight
A critique of the substance abuse theory is that
There is no evidence that it directly causes family violence
Frustration aggression theory proposes that
Frustration may result when the attainment of a goal is blocked
Which of the following is FALSE about Western gay mean and samoan Fa’afafine
a. all the of these are true
b. Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (Gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine)
c. Gay men tend to present themselves in a masculine fashion, while Fa’afafine tend to present themselves in a feminine fashion
d. Both groups do not typically have sex with women
b. Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (Gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine)
Considering current marriage trends, are people getting married faster?
People are delaying this first marriage and are having more serious relationships before they get committed
in 2014, __% of 18-30 years olds broke up using digital media
56%
What form of communication is used the most for breaking up
Texting
TRUE OR FALSE
Many people use social media to break up and report they would not be upset if someone broke up with them that way
FALSE
out of the 56%, 73% said the would be upset if someone broke up with them that way
TRUE OR FALSE
Breaking up over the phone is MUCH more accepted than it used to be
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Tuesday is the most common day to break up on during the week
FALSE
Monday is
Name the 2 most common times during the year for break ups
Spring Break
2 Weeks before Christmas
In the additional reading for the Break up lecture, what was the relationship compared to and what animal was shown
a box
a turtle
Can thinking of a lost love cause physical pain?
Yes, this causes a part of the brain that is associated with physical pain
TRUE OR FALSE
A lot of the time we miss our partners, not the chemicals that were released in our bodies through interacting with them
FALSE
Usually you miss the chemicals/feelings
TRUE OR FALSE
After a break up, most people still remain friends on Facebook in order to creep their ex and would even go as far as to creep them through a friend’s account
TRUE
Describe secure attachment style and what happens during a break up
- lets partner know that feelings have changed, strives not to be hurtful
- Heal from being dumped in a reasonable way/amount of time
Describe insecure/anxious attachment style and what happens during a break up
- Less likely to do the breaking up
- Difficulty letting go
Lewandowski suggested people to __________ after a break up
Write it out
- writing about the positive aspects of the break up causes one to experience more positive emotions about the end of the relationship
Name a few other ways that one should do while coping with a break up
- Take care of your body
- Eat nourishing meals
Exercise - Let yourself be sad
- Spend time with family and friends
- Purge your social media
Describe “ghosting”
ceasing communications suddenly and entirely with someone you are dating but no longer wish to date
Describe what “ghosting” does to the recipient
short term, emotional chaos, mid-term confusion, long term resentment
Describe “icing” and what it does to the recipient
Manufacturing a reason to suspend the relationship (too busy)
He/she knows exactly what’s going on, and he/she knows you’re just too weak to end it, fastest path to resentment
Describe “simmering” and what it does to the recipient
Reducing the frequency of dates and communication
A vague sense that something is wrong and that an end is imminent but not enough evidence for a direct confrontation
Describe “Power Parting” and what it does to the recipient
Ending it conclusively in language that can’t be misinterpreted by wishful thinking
Clarity and resolution, a fast healing time and no haunting hopes or ambiguity
Describe breaking up with passion and the 4 rules
- Take responsibility
- Your feelings/needs have changed but be upfront about this - Do it face-face (or at least over the phone)
- Let them know they matter - Be honest (but don’t be tactless or mean)
- Let them know that they aren’t what you’re looking for, but don’t suggest something is wrong with them - Make a clean break
- Let them know you’re sad too, but we don’t suggest together as friends
FOUR FEET UP
What do people in the movie see as the likely future for this family?
- Unknown
- Opportunities will continue to decrease
- The family can only focus on crisis management (after a problem arises) and not crisis prevention
FOUR FEET UP
What is it like getting resources for this family?
- Food bank
- Lack of support systems
- Social assistance from the government (many questions)
FOUR FEET UP
What have interactions with institutions been like for this family?
- Very negative, usually police, Child services etc.
- People unexpectedly checking up on them
- Always focussed on the negative aspects
