Final Exam Flashcards
Which of the following statements is true?
CNM and monogamous people report similar incidences of STIs
It’s difficult to make a comparison because monogamous people are tested for STIs much less frequently than CNM people
CNM people report fewer incidences of STIs than monogamous people
Monogamous people report fewer incidences of STIs than CNM people
CNM and monogamous people report similar incidents of STIs
Couples who engage in consensual non-monogamy tend to be (unfairly) perceived as:
less trustworthy
less moral
less happy
all of the above
All of the above
Religious socialization is:
- Not subject to congregational influences
- Not related to parental influences
- Not impacted by peer influences
- Not easy to study
Not easy to study
Which of the following is FALSE about Western gay men and Samoan Fa’afafine?
Gay men tend to present themselves in a masculine fashion, while Fa’afafine tend to present themselves in a feminine fashion.
Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (i.e.: gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine)
Both groups do no typically have sex with women.
All of these options are true
Both groups tend to have sex with other members of their group (i.e.. gay men have sex with other gay men and Fa’afafine have sex with other Fa’afafine
Higher education is typically a/n ____ investment that pays off ______.
early life / over time
ongoing / rarely
late life / immediately
early life / immediately
early life / over time
Which of these is an advantage of gaining a higher education for men?
- becoming more in debt
- having multiple careers
- having a less flexible career
- becoming more attractive
becoming more attractive
According to our lecture, in order to succeed, governments need to make sure that their citizens are:
informed of new policies
peaceful and compliant
relatively satisfied and their needs are met
none of these
Relatively satisfied and their needs are met
In more simple societies women’s status is:
on par with men
higher than men
lower than men
different than men
on par with men
When Zimmerman says that North American families are almost a domestic institution, what does he mean?
Zimmerman did not comment on this phenomena
The legal definition of families is approaching that of the legal definitions of institutions, at least in Canada
Families are increasingly at the mercy of larger, governmental institutions and have less power to influence said larger institutions
There is an increasing similarity between the power that families have on external institutions, and that which external institutions have on families
There is an increasing similarity between the power that families have on external institutions, and that which external institutions have on families
According to our guest lecture, what does the research suggest about jealousy in monogamous and CNM relationships?
CNM people experience far LESS jealousy than monogamous people.
Both groups experience similar levels of jealousy, but monogamous people are better at managing it.
Both groups experience similar levels of jealousy, but CNM people are better at managing it.
CNM people experience far MORE jealousy than monogamous people.
Both groups experience similar levels of jealousy, but CNM people are better at managing it.
In the article “I’m a woman who models men’s clothing”, what is the main point that the author is trying to convey.
Men have an important roll to play in the progression toward change
In order to progress as a society, it’s important to celebrate all differences.
Individuals with the privilege of being “normal” should be ashamed.
We must re-define “male-ness” and “female-ness” in order to achieve gender equality.
In order to progress as a society, it’s important to celebrate all differences
A telemarketer calls Taylor and asks their gender. Taylor responds that gender doesn’t matter to them, and they have no answer to that question, especially if it will change the questions that the telemarketer will ask. Taylor is demonstrating:
Post-gender transcendence
Androgyny
Role conflict
Role anxiety
Post-gender transcendence
Alex is in first grade and likes to watch television when she comes home from school. In the commercials, she sees that dolls are played with by girls while blocks are played with by boys. After watching the commercial she put down her blocks, turns to her parents, and asks them to buy her a doll. Which concept has she demonstrated?
- Gender Identity
- Socialization
- Gender roles
- Sex role
Socialization
Which of these is one of the reasons why the “John/Joan” case was particularly interesting to Dr. Money?
Because the child was not born intersexed
Because the child was a twin and only one was born intersexed
Because the child’s other siblings were intersexed
Because this was the first time phalloplasty was attempted on such a young patient
Because the child was not born intersexed
What is Milton Diamond’s perspective on the treatment of intersex infants?
Parents should select a gender early on so that the child may undergo normal socialization
Since gender is determine as a result of social learning, intersex children should receive intervention as early as possible
Intersex children should spend more time associating with children who do not have this disorder, in order to learn appropriate gender rolls
Children should not be surgically assigned a gender until they are old enough to consent
Children should not be surgically assigned a gender until they are old enough to consent
According to Michael Kimmel in the video “Why gender quality is good for everyone…”, why might some men have trouble recognizing the importance of gender equality?
because everyone hates change.
because they are eager to “rescue” women from inequality.
because these men experience an unconscious and/or conscious sense of entitlement.
because these men are cruel misogynists.
Because these men experience an unconscious and/or conscious sense of entitlement
According to Michael Kimmel in the video “Why gender quality is good for everyone…”, men who engage in more gender egalitarian behaviour by sharing housework and childcare are:
more likely to experience role overload.
less likely to be diagnosed with depression and also have more sex.
more likely to enjoy romantic comedies.
more likely to drink alcohol.
Less likely to be diagnosed with depression and also have more sex
Behaviour associated with someone who holds a particular status is the definition of: Role Gender role Sex role Gender identity
Role
Which of these is a drawback of traditional gender roles for men?
- Reduced career fulfillment
- Reduced personal self-worth
- Less time for family life
- All of the above
Less time for family life
Which of these things does gender schema determine?
- What is remembered about experiences
- Interpretations of the world
- What individuals attend to
- All of the above
All of the above
Why are women more likely to be widowed and single than men?
- Heterosexual men often marry younger women
- Once women reach a certain age they are less likely to remarry
- Women live longer than men
- All of these
All of these
When is middle age?
- 35-65
- 50-65
- 40-65
- 45-65
40-65
Which of these experiences are common during middle age?
- Parenting
- Grandparenting
- Empty nest
- All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following is one of the 4 areas of change that the younger generation faces as they age?
- Sexuality
- Identity
- Autonomy
- All of these
All of these
Gene, Tina, and Louise are all siblings. They each moved out around the age of 20, but Gene returned after a couple years when he lost his job. What is this called?
- Delayed Launch
- Slow Launching
- Boomerang
- Cluttered nest
Boomerang
Opal eagerly waits on Facebook until 12:01 on the morning of her birthday so she can watch her friends and family congratulate her on her 61st year. While she is there she also sees a lot of facebook advertisements targeted toward her age and gender. What product is she mostly likely seeing?
Face cream to fight aging
Travel agencies targeting empty nesters
Self-help books for balancing self-care with caring for one’s husband
All of the above
All of the above
What is the term discussed during class that means the stereotyping of older persons?
- Youth normatively
- Ageaphilia
- Elderphobia
- Ageism
Ageism
When we say that middle age is a diverse time, what are we referring?
- Middle age lasts a long time, so it covers diverse ages
- Middle age lasts a short time, so it covers a select number of ages
- Diverse life events occur during middle age
- All of these
Diverse life events occur during middle age
What percentages of members of the sandwich generation have given up their own social activities due to their increased obligations?
- 54%
- 34.70%
- 17.50%
- 42%
34.7%
Which one of these is NOT one of Kotre’s areas of generativity?
- Biological
- Parental
- Chronological
- Technical
- Chronological
Which of the following is not a structural factor discussed in relation to the decision about becoming parents?
- Place of residence
- Ethnic group membership
- socioeconomic status
- Size of family desired
- Place of residence
Cam and melissa have set up their own home, have careers, yet feel socially isolated. This motivates them to have a child because of:
- conformity
- Not wanting to miss out on a major life experience
- Not wanting to miss out on social capital
- Concern for being looked after in old age
Not wanting to miss out on social capital
It may be an expectation of “good parenting” to breast feed a child when he/she is an infant, but not when the child is an adolescent. This is an example of:
- transition point
- stage
- timing norms
- age norms
timing norms
SuperGirl has recently begun to wonder about her future, and if she will grow up to be a successful superhero like her cousin or not. Which age is SuperGirl most likely to be?
- 9
- 4
- 1
- 15
15
Luna and Carrie have decided to have a child together and Carrie is pregnant with their first baby. They’re both worried about the increased risk of divorce for new parents. What does the research by Cowan & Cowan suggest they do to significantly decrease that risk?
- Hire a nanny
- Involve the grandparents as much as possible
- Talk realistically about their expectations
- This risk cannot be reduced or avoided
Talk realistically about their expectations
Margareet has recently understood that if she pours the water from a small glass into a larger one, the amount of water is the same even though there is more empty space in the larger glass. Which age is Margareet most likely?
- 9
- 4
- 1
- 15
9
The decision to become a parent is influenced by:
- economic factors
- structural factors
- psychosocial factors
- All of the above
All of the above
What is one of the main differences between “time out” and “time in”?
- “Time out” takes parents out of a stressful situation, while “time in” puts them into a stressful situation
- “time out” gives the child time to reflect, while “time in” prepares them for future stressful situations
- “time out” is used effectively for punishment, while “time in” is used as a reinforcement
- “time out” is an ineffective punishment, while “time in” is a more effective discipline
Time out gives the child time to reflect, while time in prepares them for future stressful situations
According to G.H. Mead, during which stage do children learn the social rules associated with a social role?
- Role stage
- Game stage
- Play stage
- Rules Stage
- Play stage
According to our lecture, Erickson is responsible for:
- Stages of economic development
- Stages of conflict
- Stages of economic development
- kik
Stages of conflict
What part of childbearing are teens and early twenties concerned with:
They are focused on contraception and not having a baby
What dictates the parent role?
- Age of the child
- The experiences the child brings to the parent
___ % of couples decline in their feelings of love after the birth of their first child
75%
The transition to being a parent involves:
- Deciding to have a baby
- Conception
- Gestation
- Birth
- Process of adapting to having the child at home
What are some common reasons for wanting children?
- Conformity
- Experience
- Social Capital
- Security in old age
____% of pregnancies in Canada are unplanned
40%
1 in 5 babies in Canada have a mother ages 35 or older: True or False
True
What did first time parents say that they disliked the most about being parents?
- 48% lack of sleep
- 35% not knowing what to do
What do first time parents like the most about being parents?
- 31% just having the baby
- 10% being closer to my spouse
Four factors associated with difficulties in the transition to parenthood for mothers:
- Lack of support for lifestyle other than motherhood
- Shift in emphasis from the marital role to mother role
- Abruptness of this transition
- Lack of guidelines and support for parenthood
In North America, a parent will know they are successful when:
- Their child is economically independent
- Has good social skills
Children who are spanked are more likely to:
- Commit crimes
- Suffer depression
- Go to jail
- Get into fights
- Commit suicide
- Abuse alcohol and drugs
The average time that Canadian parents take off for maternity/paternity leave is _____ weeks?
44 Weeks
Daughters of working mothers are more likely to:
- Be employed
- Be supervisors
- Earn more money
Sons of working mothers are more likely to:
- Spend more time caring for family members
- Contribute more to household chores
___ and ____ are both important components in a child’s socialization
- Religion
- Family
How are gay men and third gender males similar (In Samoa and the West)?
- They have more older brothers
- Larger families
- Clustering in Families
- Prefer feminine occupations
- Childhood separation anxiety
How are gay men and third gender males different (In Samoa and the West)?
- Gender presentation
- Gay males have sex with other gay males
- Gay males aren’t always accepted in Western Culture
- Gay males are often bullied
Who engages in sexual interactions with fafafine males?
- “regular” men engage in sex with fafafine males
Define: Sex
- Biological characteristics of males and females
Define: Gender
- Social attitudes and behaviours of males and females
Define: Role
Behaviour associated with someone who holds a particular status
Define: Gender Role
Behaviour expected of a female or male in a particular culture
Define: Sex Role
Behaviour defined by biological constraints
Define: Socialization
Process by which people learn the characteristics of their group
Define: Gender Identity
A person’s psychological sense of being male or female
Define: Cross Dresser and Transvestites
A member of one gender dresses up in clothes and other gender specific attire to appear to be a member of the other gender
Define: Transsexuals and Transgender Persons
A person with the biological sex of one gender who has the identity or self-concept of the other gender and may undergo processes and/or procedures to change that sex or gender
Define: Cisgender
Describes people who identify as the gender they were assigned at birth
Define: Gender Neutrality
Gender identity develops as a result of social learning
What does Dr. Diamond recommend in terms of gender assignment?
He recommends no surgical assignment on infants, that it should wait until the child is old enough to make their own decision
Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive theory of gender identity: Gender Labelling
(2 or 3 year olds)
- understand that they are either boys or girls
Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive theory of gender identity: Gender Stability
(Preschool age)
- Understand gender is stable (eg. boys become men)
- But, believe that if you change something, your sex has changed (e.g.. girl who wears her hair like a boy will become a boy)
Describe Kohlberg’s Cognitive theory of gender identity: Gender Consistency
(4-7 year old)
- Understand sex is biological
- Remains the same even if a person engages in “cross gender” activities
Define: Gender Schema Theory
- Form basic gender identity, develop gender schemas
- Organized set of gender related beliefs that influence behaviour
What are four ways parents socialize their children?
- Physical and verbal manipulations
- Stereotypical gender identified objects
- Different verbal descriptions of the same behaviour
- Stereotypical gender identified activities
What do fathers do?
- Spend more time with sons than daughters
- Are playmates with children
- Set higher standards for sons than daughters
- Stress feelings and emotions with daughters more than sons
What do mothers do?
- Express affection and verbal praise to daughters and sons equally
- Stress emotions and feelings with daughters more than sons
What are the benefits of traditional gender roles? (for males)
- Instrumental focus on work identity
- High income and other job advantages
- Less domestic work and marital stress
What are the benefits of traditional gender roles (for women)
- Expressive focus on feelings and other’s needs
- Identity tied to relationships rather than work
- Closer attachments with children
What are the drawbacks of traditional gender roles? (for men)
- Personal self-worth tied to job and income
- Job related stress and less time for family life
- Limited emotional expression
- Limitations on child custody
What are the drawbacks of traditional gender roles? (for women)
- Reduced income and career fulfilment
- Dependent on a spouse
- The beauty problem
- Less personal self-worth
Define: Post gender transcendence
- Beyond gender
- Abandoning gender as identity
- Rejecting gender as a justification for inequality
Define: Launching
When children leave home. Can be a time of increased satisfaction, time to pursue new hobbies
What must parents do now that they are alone?
- Renegotiate their couple system as a dyad, or pair, rather than as part of a larger family
Define: Cluttered Nest
Children who never leave, but establish their new families as co-residents in family home
Define: Sandwich Generation
Individuals who provide care to an elderly parent as well as to their own children
Define: Ageism
Stereotyping of older persons (usually negative but may also be positive)
What is a benefit to aging?
Wisdom
- Ability to apply knowledge of life events to make optimal decisions when trying to solve life problems
What age range is “young-old”?
ages 65-74 years
What age range is “old-old”?
ages 75-84 years old
What age range is “oldest-old”?
ages 85 and older
“oldness” can be measured by:
- Chronological age
- Functional age
- Life expectancy
Widowhood occurs more frequently for men than women: True or False
False
How families handle problems depends on:
- Their outlook
- Their resources
- Individual factors
- Normative life stressors
Stress can occur from a variety of different factors including:
- Everyday life and tasks
- Life transitions and events
- Chronic Illness
- Sudden accident
- Disability
- Substance abuse
- Violence
How a family handles stress will depend on:
- Their outlook
- Their resources
- Individual factors
- Normative life stresses
Look at Hill’s ABC-X Model
In the textbook
In Hill’s ABC-X Model, X represents what?
X represents the stressor and crisis
Did Hill see stressors as negative, normative, or positive?
Normative
In Hill’s ABC-X Model, A represents what?
A represents the provoking event or stressor
In Hill’s ABC-X Model, B represents what?
B represents a Family’s resources or strengths at the time of the event
In Hill’s ABC-X Model, C represents what?
C represents the meaning/perception attached to the event by the family
Define: Pile up
Multiple crisis happening at one time (i.e.. birth of a child at the same time as a major housing relocation for work)
Cohesion, Flexibility, and Communication are:
Three important dimensions of family functioning
Proper handling of _____ and ______ can actually ______ a family and help it grow in intimacy.
stress, crisis, strengthen
Stress and conflict in family life means that abuse must take place. True or false?
False
How do we learn about conflict?
- Family members
- Romantic partners
- Workplace/ Outside influences
Which type of family is this: “Conflict doesn’t exist and don’t recognize it”?
Avoidant Families
Which type of family is this: “Don’t tell and one else if there is a struggle, don’t ever raise your voice”
Avoidant families
Which type of family is this: “snide or passive aggressive comments are fine”
Avoidant families
The ultimate goal of avoidant families is: ________?
to avoid conflict
Which type of family is this: Have a family meeting or mealtime chat to discuss issues
Collaborative families
Which type of family is this: Deal with people directly and say openly what you are feeling
collaborative families
Which type of family is this: Strong feelings are seen as normal and are allowed
collaborative families
Which type of family is this: Survival of the fittest describes the general climate of the family
Aggressive families
Which type of family is this: Be brutally honest regardless of the impact and establish your position early
Aggressive families
Which type of family is this: “Don’t back down, hold your ground no matter what”
Aggressive families
Define: Conflict
Conflict is an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from others in achieving their goals
_______ is central in all interpersonal conflict.
Communication
Conflict is activated by a _____ _______.
Triggering event
Define: Interdependence
People who are not dependent upon each other- no special interest in what the other does- do not have conflicts
Define: Conflict Strategies
Behaviours intended to manage or resolve conflict
Define: Strategic Choice
Partners have a choice in how they respond to conflict.
- Choices may be informed foresight
- Choices may also be from guesswork, mindless or habit
Some common types of family violence include:
- Physical abuse
- Sexual abuse and exploitation
- Neglect
- Psychological or emotional abuse
- Economic or financial abuse
- Spiritual abuse
____ % of spousal incidents between same-sex couples reported to police between 1995 and 3004 were single incidents
70%
____ couples are at higher risk for repeated abuse, and are more likely to have chronic abuse than ______
Heterosexual, same-sex couples
____ of spousal homicide victims had a reported history of domestic abuse.
Half
Psychopathology theory proposed:
that individuals suffer from mental illness, personality disorders, and other dysfunctions that cause them to engage in aggressive acts with the family
Exchange/ Social Control Theory:
- Resort to violence to obtain goals as long as what they achieve is outweighed by the cost of aggression
Frustration- Aggression Theory
- Frustration may result when the attainment of a goal is blocked
General systems theory:
- Violence within the family is a result of a system rather than individual pathology
Define: Sexual consent
“Sexual consent is the free verbal or nonverbal communication of willingness to engage in sexual activity” or “The voluntary agreement of the complaint to engage in the sexual activity in question”
When are couples most likely to break up?
- Spring break
- 2 Weeks before Christmas
When Shakespeare wrote about the green-eyed monster, what was he referring to?
- Money
- Jealousy
- Bordom
- Homework
Jealousy
Behaviours intended to manage or resolve conflict are referred to as:
- conflict choices
- conflict strategies
- Strategic choices
- Strategic conflict
Conflict strategies
According to one of the videos we watched in class this week, what is one way that we can mitigate the negative effects of stress on our bodies?
There’s nothing you can do to mitigate the effects of stress beyond waiting for your body to process the excess cortisol.
Eating foods high in carbohydrates to maintain our blood sugar levels.
Hugging friends and loved ones to increase oxytocin.
Engaging in physical exertion to flush the adrenaline from our bodies.
Hugging friends and loved ones to increase oxytocin
In Olsen’s Circumplex model, cohesion refers to:
- How strongly the family unit strives to maintain status quo
- the quality and health of family communication
- Physical and emotional connectedness among family members
- The degree to which the family is balanced
Physical and emotional connectedness among family members
Parent-adolescent conflict often happens when youth are seeking _____ while parents are concerned about ______.
- Exploration/ Collaboration
- Autonomy/ Responsibility
- Good life choices/ independence
- Dating opportunities/ stability
Autonomy/ responsibility
Alex and Taylor have been living together for a year and frequently argue about chores. One night, Taylor notices Alex stuff trash into their over-stuffed garbage can in the kitchen and shouts at Alex to take out the trash. Alex shouts back that it’s Taylor’s turn to take out the trash and an argument ensues. Taking out the trash could be seen as:
A lynch-pin
A communication trap
interference
A trigger event
A trigger event
Avoidant families would say which of the following about conflict?
- Let’s have a family meeting to discuss our issues with one another
- Show your emotions strongly even if that hurts someone else
- If there is conflict, figure it out on your own
- You have to take it if someone attacks you
- If there is a conflict, figure it out on your own
When individuals choose to respond to conflict,
- their choices are informed by what the other person does
- their choices are informed by foresight
- Their choices are informed by the type of conflict
- their choices are informed by the previous conflict
Their choices are informed by foresight
Which of the following is true about spousal abuse among same-sex and heterosexual couples?
- Spousal abuse is very rare among same-sex couples
- Among both same-sex and heterosexual couples, the majority of spousal abuse is chronic
- Arrests are more common in cases of same-sex spousal abuse
- Heterosexual couples are at slightly increased risk of repeated spousal abuse compared to same-sex couples
Heterosexual couples are at slightly increased risk of repeated spousal abuse compared to same-sex couples
According to Hill’s Double ABC-X model, a family with a variety of resources will:
- Suffer crisis just as frequently as a family with fewer resources
- Be more likely to return to a level of functioning at or higher than the pre-crisis level
- Will not see stressors as running contrary to the goals of the family
- All of the above
Be more likely to return to a level of functioning at or higher than the pre-crisis level
What is the biological sex of Apotec Muxes?
Male
Of all sexual acts occurring, what percentage are non-consensual?
10-70%
Which of these would be considered an instrumental activity of daily living?
- Taking a shower
- eating lunch
- taking medications properly
- getting into and out of a chair
Taking medications properly
How is safe and legal access to birth control related to decline in divorce rate?
- Fewer “shot gun” weddings due to accidental pregnancy
What do scientists suspect about how human’s age?
There has been little evolutionary pressure to slow aging
If you were writing an APA paper and wanted to cite this lecture, how should the citation look?
(Sparling, 2016)
According to Facebook data, when are college students most likely to break up?
- Over spring break and a few weeks before Christmas
Rachel is 14, but at dinner her mom still cuts her meat. Her friends think this is weird, why?
This violates timing norms
In Apotec culture, why is it so common for straight men to have sex with mixes?
- Because it’s part of their right of passage into manhood
An Intersex person:
- May have chromosomal abnormalities
- Is still usually assigned a gender at birth
- Experienced a non-standard sex differentiation process
How many plaid shirts does the prof have in her closet?
12 plaid shirts
Before confederation divorce required a _____ act.
parliamentary
After 1867 you had to announce your intentions to divorce in ___ newspapers for ___ months.
3 newspapers (1 national and 2 local), 6 months
What causes divorce?
- Complex family forms
- Cohabitation
- Age at marriage
- Birth of a child
What factors reduce one’s risk of divorce?
- Annual income over $50,000
- Getting married after 25
- Parents happily married
- Strong religious beliefs
- University education
Divorce is on the rise. True or false?
False
The divorce variation and fluidity model
Look at in the textbook
Factors of influence of divorce:
- The family format
- Economic circumstances
- Gender
- Age at marriage and duration of marriage
- cultural norms
Negative side-effects of divorce:
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Health problems
- Substance use
- Increase risk of mortality
Negative effects of divorce on children:
- Low scores on tests of social and emotional health
- Poor academic achievement
Define: Play Stage
Learning to take on a social role and learning that there are social rules
Define: Game Stage
Learning that we can take on multiple roles
Describe: Secure Attachment
- Firmly attached to care giver, explores while checking back
Describe: Anxious- Avoidant Attachment
- Treats stranger and caregiver similarly but avoids caregiver upon return
What are the three parenting styles?
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
___ % of people in North America participate in consensual non-monogamy
5%
Define: Consensual non-monogamy
A relationship in which partners openly agree to engage in extra dyadic sexual and/or romantic partnerships
