Final Exam Flashcards

Question

Testicular Stroma and Ducts

Answer 1

- Leyding cells: acidophilic foamy cytoplasm and produce testosterone (lightly eosinophilic large cytoplasm). Endocrine cells - produce _testosterone (controlled by LH)._ - Straight tubules: simple squamous or cuboidal epitheium, connect seminiferous tubules to rete testis - Rete testis: anastomonic tubules located in mediastinum - Ductuli efferets - Connect rete testes to epididymis; epithelium is ciliated, simple columnar

Answer 2

Move non-motile spermatozoa to epididymis Lined by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cels with _microvilli_ and single cilicum at rete tests or _cilia at ductuli efferents_

Answer 3

Ductus Epididymis - Coiled tube that stores sperm while it matures - Divided into head, body, and base - Epithelium is pesudostratified columnar with sterocilia - Connects to ductus deferens - Takes about 10 - 15 days Ductus Deferens - Epithelium becomes pseudostratified columnar, gradually loses sterocilia - Lumen contains spermatozoa in the mature male animal - Tunica muscularis is very thick

Answer 4

Maturation of spermatozoa Stay in epididymis for 2 weeks Pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells with seterocilia lined with a sing smooth muscle laery

Answer 5

Three layers of smooth muscle. Peristatic contration is controlled by sympathetic nervous system during ejaculation

Answer 6

Associated with ductus deferens and secrete seminal fluid Seminal fluid is alkaline and helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract Contains proteins, fructose, mucus, vitamin C, flavins, phosphorylcholine, and prostaglandins _Vesicular glands are absent in carnivores_ _Simple columnar epithelium_ have _lipofuscin granules in cytoplasm_

Answer 7

- Ampulla: Terminal part of vas deferns - Prostate: Body surround urethra. Concentrically laminated concentrations of secretory product - Have ejaculatory ducts, a sort part of the vas deferns joins with the duct of the seminal vesicles - Produces half of the seminal fluid which cointains fibrinolysin and ciric acid. Helps liquify coagulated semen. Tall columanr secretory epithelial cells with round nuclei.

Answer 8

Transition epithelium Pelvic part has colliculus seminalis, an area where deferens ducts, seminal vesicles, and prostatic ducts empty into the urethra

Answer 9

Has a capsule of tunica albuginea Ereticle tissue: Vascular sinuses in the CT - Corpus cavernosum penis - Corpus cavernosum urehra Glans: Extension of corpus spongiosum and covered with stratified squamous eithelium of prepuce

Answer 10

Has a cortex and a medulla and a tunica albuginea Has both endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (oocytes) fuction The hormones are produced by the developing follices Follicles are transformed after ovulation to corpora lutea Ovary responds to pituitary hormones, including FSH and LH Cortex is where follices developed and is peripherally located Tissue between follices is the stoma (fibroblast-like with lipid droplets)

Answer 11

Tunica albuginea is the CT around the outer edge of the cortex Tunica serosa covering the ovary has simple cuboidal epithelium (outer most layer)

Answer 12

Contains the blood vessels for the ovary Contains a system of channels lined by cuboidal epithelium called the rete ovarii

Answer 13

Oogonia divide mitotically until birth and give rise to primary oocytes which become arrested in meiotic prophase I When simulated to divide the primary oocyte complete meiosis I dividing to form the secondary oocyte and 1st polar body The secondary oocyte is formed just prior to ovulation The secondary oocyte undergoes the 2nd meiotic division right after fertilization

Answer 14

The oocytes are inside _follicles_, surrounded by a capsule-like structure called the _zona pellucida_ and a layer of epithelial cells called _granulosa cells_ The _zona pellucida_ is a thick glycoprotein layer secreted by both the _oocyte and the granulosa cells_ There is a _basement membrane_ around the follicular epithelial cells and a _theca_ around the follicle outside the basement membrane Stages of development are described based on their apperance

Answer 15

Oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of squamous cells. These follicles are quiescent. Thre is a basement membrane between the follicle and the ovarian stroma.

Answer 16

Oocyte is surrounded by cuboidal granulosa cells Zona pellucida forms around oocyte Theca may be forming

Answer 17

Small pockets of follicular fluid appear between granulosa cells The pockets have not yet coalesced into 1 large fluid cavity The theca become obvious

Answer 18

Has 1 large fluid-filled cavity with a layer of cranulosa cells around the stratum granulosum The oocyte is surrounded by granulosa cells called the cumulus oophorus The corona radiata is the layer of granulosa cells immediately in concat with the zona pellucida The cumulius oophorus is attached to the wall of the follicle by a mass of granulosa cells called the hilus

Answer 19

Follicles are divided into special areas including: Cumulus oophorus Corona radiata Stratum granulosum

Answer 20

Follicular atresia - follicles degenerate and become atretic

Answer 21

The corpus luteum (CL) is a transiet endocrine gland derived from an ovulated follicle that produces progesterione which helps maintain pregnancy Eventually regressing and ability to produce progesterone and involutes to become a CT scar PGF2alpha lyses

Answer 22

The CL is regressing The follicle is maturing Estrogen is being produced by granulosa cells in response to FSH Rising estrogen in the late follicular phase initiate the LH surge which triggers ovulation Endometrium is proliferating Theca cells have LH receptors which cause produce androgens that diffuse into the follice Granulosa cells have FSH recepors and produce estrogen and will later develop LH receptors

Answer 23

Rising estrogen levels during the follicular phase stimulate the release of LH from the pituitary and the high estrogen at the end of the follicular phase causes an LH surge which: - Stimulates primary oocyte to complete meiosis I - Starts process of ovulation - Indues formation of the CL in the ovulated follicle

Answer 24

The LH surge causes release of collagenase and other enzymes to digest tissues at the ovulation site The stroma overlying the follice becomes avascular and degenerates Tecal layers thin The oocyte and the cumulus oophorus break free from antral wall The follicle protrudes from wall of ovary at the "stigma" The oocyte is released from the follicle After ovulation, a CH forms as blood fills in the follicle lumen. The wall of follicle collapses and creats folds.

Answer 25

The CL forms from the granulosa and the theca cells after ovulation: - Granulosa cells proliferate, enlarge and become granulosa lutein cells. - Theca interna cells convert to theca lutein cells. - Progesterone is produced by the CL. - The uterine glands are secreting. - LH secretion maintains function of the CL. - Progesterone stimulates the development of uterine endometrium. - Progesterone (and estrogen) produced by the CL inhibit FSH and LH release.

Answer 26

The fate of the CL depends on wheter copulation and/or fertilization occurs. - CL of pregnancy Corpus albicans: The CL is gradually replaed by a CT scar

Answer 27

- Infundibulum - funnels shaped, with fimbriae - Ampulla - extends caudally from infundibulum - Isthmus - a narrow, muscular segment joining the uterus

Answer 28

- Mucosa - the epithelium and the underingly CT tissue - Tunica muscularis - irregularly arranged smooth muscle - Tunica serosa

Answer 29

- Mucosa is folded - Epithelium is simple columnar ciliated - Non-ciliated secretory cells

Answer 30

Layers: - Endometrium: Equivalent to the tunica mucosa and submucosa and contains uterine glands - Myometrium: Equivalent to the tunica mscularis, it is the inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer - Perimetrium: Tunica serosa, a thin layer of fibroelastic CT covered by a mesothelium

Answer 31

Epithelium is columnar mucous cells Tunica muscularis has inner circular and outer longitudinal layers

Answer 32

Vagina Stratifed squamous non-keratinized epithelium No muscularis mucosa, therefore the lamina propria is joined to the submucosa Tunica muscularis: inner circular, outer longitudinal Vestibule Contains major and minor vestibular glands

Answer 33

Beginning of endometrial growth CL from previous cycle is regressing New follices are growing: theca cells and granulosa cells

Answer 34

Estrus - Ovulation occurs during this phase in most species - CL develops during this phase in the dog Metestrus - Defined as the period of CL development - Progesterone levels climbing - No metestrus in dog since CL develops in estrus

Answer 35

Phase of active CL Uterus reaches maximal endometiral gland development and activity CL regresses toward end if no implantation Anestrus - prolonged period of sexual inactivity

Answer 36

Anestrus - Mainly non-keratinized cells, few PMNs Proestrus - PMNs early, numerous RBCs, keratinized cells increasing Estrus - Some RBCs, mainly keratinized cells Metestrus - Diestrus: PMNs reappear, RBCs variable

Answer 37

Compound gland with large ducts in the interlobular CT (modified sweat gland - apocrine and merocrine) Both the alveoli and the intralobular ducts are secretory, with simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium Corpora amylacea are concentrations of secretory materal found scattered in alveoli Alveoli regress when the gland is inactive Myoepithelial Cells - Contractile cells that surround alveoli and respond to oxytocin to cause milk "letdown". Found between basal lamina and alveolar cells. Non-secretory portion: Interlobular ducts, lobar ducts, and lactiferous sinus

Answer 38

Ducts Epithelium: bein as simple cuboidal, lobar ducts have bistratified columnar epithelium. Smooth muscle and elastic fibers surround large ducts. Stroma: the loose collagenous and adipose tissue stroma is a major component of non-lactating glands. Stroma become very scant during lactation.

Answer 39

Lactiferous sinus = Teat sinus + Gland sinus Bistratified columnar epithelium Streak canal (lactiferous duct): Transition from bistratified columnar epithelium to the skin of the teat

Answer 40

Found in **dog, cat, horses, and small ruminants** Broad papilla forms **renal crest** Collecting ducts feed into **renal pelvis**

Answer 41

Found in **cow, pig, and primate**

Answer 42

Outer Cortex: 1. Pars convoluta 2. Pars radiata Inner Medulla: 1. Loops of Henle 2. Collecting ducts - Open through tiny openings in papilla called **area cribosa**

Answer 43

Collecting ducts open through tiny opening in papilla called area cribosa

Answer 44

**Uriniferous Tubule** - The functional unit of each kidney is the microscopic uriniferous tubule Includes: **A. Nephron - produces urine** B. **Collecting duct - collects, concentrates, and transports urine**

Answer 45

Includes: A. Renal corpuscle a. Glomerulus b. Glomerular capsule B. Renal tubule a. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules b. Loops of Henle c. Connecting tubule

Answer 46

**Glomerulus** - Tuft of capillaries **Glomerular (Bowman's) Capsule** - Houses the glomerulus The glomerulus connects the afferent arteriole to the efferent arteriole Capsule consists on an **internal (visceral)** and an **external (parietal)** lined by epithelial cels **Podocytes** - Epithelial cells that line the visceral layer - Have cytoplasmic processes called **foot processes or pedicles** - Pedicles interdigitate to form **filtration slits** **Vascular pole** - Afferent and eferent arterioles enter/leave **Urinary pole** - Where proximal tubule originates

Answer 47

Phagocytic cell found between capilarries of glomerulus Cytoplasmic processes extend between endothelial cells Function is to clean the GBM (glomeular basement membrane) of the particulate matter

Answer 48

1. Filtration 2. Tubular reabsorption 3. Tubular secretion

Answer 49

Lamina rara externa - adjacent to podocyte processes - heparan sulfate - filters by charge Lamina densa - central zone - type IV collagmen - fliters by size Lamina rara interna - adjacent to endothelial cells - heparan sulface - filters by charge

Answer 50

~ 20% - 25 of cardiac output Glomeular Filtration Rate (GFR)

Answer 51

- Substances are reabsorved selectively in different parts of the uriniferous tubules - Active Transport: Glucose, amino acids, Na+ - Glucose passes freely through the filtration barrier (PCT) - Na+ (PCT and Loope of Henle) - Passive Diffusion: Water and urea - Urea passes frely across the filtration barier by diffusion and passively absorbed in PCT - **The extent of water reabsorptioin influence the amount of urea in the urea** - Hormones like parathyroidhormone (PTH), aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also influence the rabsorption process

Answer 52

**1. Endogenous compounds** - Creatinine, histamine, metabolic products of hormones **2. Exogenous compounds** - Antibiotics, asprin, other drugs 3. Water, cations, and anions pass into tubular lumen by passive or active mechanisms

Answer 53

Function of epithelium is determine by: 1. The **asymmetric distribution** of channels and transporters in the apical and basolateral membranes 2. The permeability of the zona occludens **(paracellular transport)**

Answer 54

Simple cuboidal epithelium with brush border

Answer 55

- U shaped structure with a **thin descending limb and a thick ascening**, both composed of **simple squamous epithelia** - Function: Passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- - The thin ascending limb of the loop become the **thick ascending limb** which is composed of simple cu**boidal epitheium** - Function: Active reabsorption of varous electrolytes

Answer 56

**- Zone of transition** **- More empty lumens**

Answer 57

Has 2 types of cells: 1. Principal cells 2. Intercalated cells

Answer 58

Consists of 3 types of cells: 1. **Macula densa** of the DCT a. Taller epithelium with more apparent nuclei b. **Chemoreceptors** for Na+ and Cl- 2. **Juxtaglomerular** cells a. Located in the wall of afferent arteriole b. Have cigar shaped nuclei c. Secrete **renin** 3. Extraglomerular **mesangial** cells a. **Lacris or Polkissn cells** b. Located outside glomerulus

Answer 59

Called **transitional epithelium** Found only in the urinary tract

Answer 60

Upon delivery at a minor calyx, filtrate is no longer modified by rabsorption or secretion and is called **urine** It flows passively into the renal pelvis but moves by **peristalsis** along the ureters for temporary storage in the bladder, which is emptied through the urethra

Answer 61

Gray Matter - Made up of nerve cell bodies - Fibers (mostly unmyelinated) - Glial cells - Neuropil is the background of gray matter, composed of glial processes and unmyelinated nerve processes

Answer 62

White Matter - Made up of myelinated fibers and glia - Divided into dorsal, lateral, and ventral funiculi - Funiculi contain ascending and descending tract

Answer 63

3 meningeal layers: - Dura mater a. Fused to the periosteum of the cranial cavity b. Seperated from the periosteum in the vertebral cana by the epidural space - Arachnoid a. Membrane + trabeculae b. Space below is subarachnoid space - Pia mater a. Closely associated with nervous tissue **Pia + Arachnoid = Leptomeninges**

Answer 64

**Pericytes** in the perivascular space are responsible for formation and maintenance of vessel basement membrane as well as phagocytosis after injury **Astrocytes** processes from a sheath around CNS vessels The most important vascular adaptation is the **tight junctions between vascular endothelial cells**. This forms the **blood-brain barrier**.

Answer 65

Ventricles are large cavities inside the brain, **lined by ependymal cells**, and **filled with CSF**.

Answer 66

Found in roof and wall of all ventricles of brain. Covered in ependymal cells Secrete CSF Tight junctions between these ependymal cells form the blood-CSF barrier. Capillaries here **ARE** fenestrated.

Answer 67

Produced by choroid plexuses in lateral, third, and fourth ventricles Circulates through central canal Exits via the lateral foramina to the subarachnoid space Reabsorbed to the vascular system via the arachnoid villi

Answer 68

Gray matter in the brain is distributed in the form of nuclei instead of columns Nuclei: collection of cell bodies within the brain stem, and deep within the cerebrum and cerebellum Many nuclei are sensory or motor from the cranial nerves Some are relay areas

Answer 69

Coordinates motor activity Zones: - Molecular: Most superficial - Purkinje cells: Large flask-like cells. Provide the only efferent route from the cortex to deeper cerebellar nuclei - Granular layer

Answer 70

Layers of the cortical gray matter: 1. Molecular layer 2. Small pyramidal 3. Large pyramidal 4. Polymorphic White Matter

Answer 71

Visceral part of the nervous system. - Important in homeostasis. - Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands - Mainly motor, but also has sensory components - Efferent is a 2 neuron system 1. First ganglion is preganglionic located in the CNS 2. Second neuron is postganglion located in a peripheral ganglion

Answer 72

- The ganglion are large and near the vertebrae - Preganglionic neurotransmitters: ACH - Postganglion neurotransmitters: Norepinephrine

Answer 73

- Parasympathetic ganglia innervate single organs; the ganglia are microscopic (usually) and are in or near the organ - Neurotransmitter of both pre- and postganglionic fibbers is ACH

Answer 74

Anterior Compartment - Anterior chamber: between **cornea and iris** - Iris: contains **ciliary body** - Posterior chamber: between iris and lens Posterior compartment: Filled with **vitreous humor**

Answer 75

- **Devoid of blood vessels and lymphatics** - Has remarkable **healing power** Epithelium - Turnover time of 7 days - Germinal cells in the basal layer at limbus-cornea junction Bowman's membrane - **Basal lamina** that support epithelium Substantia propria (stroma) - Avascular - Keratocytes Descemet's Membrane - Basement membrane Corneal Endothelium - Mesenchymal epithelium

Answer 76

Sclera proper - Dense irregular CT Limbus - Germinal cell center for cornea

Answer 77

The vascular rich midle layer of the eye constituting the iris, ciliary body, and choroid Choroid - Vascular rich layer most prominent layer of middle tunic Tapetum lucidum - Found in choroid between vascular layer and pigment epithelium - Night vision Ciliary Body - Anterior continuation of the choroid - Zonular fibers extend to lens

Answer 78

- Classified as **bistratified columnar**

Answer 79

- Under parasympathetic innervation - **When it contracts it removes tension from zonules**, lens "round up" to accomate for near vision

Answer 80

- Circular diaphragm in front of lens (extension of choroid) - Heavily pigmented **myoepithelial cell** lining 2 types of muscles - **Pupillary sphincter muscle (constriction)** - parasympathetic innervation - **Pupillary dialator muscle** - sympathetic innervation **Corpora nigra (iris granules)** - Found in the **horse and ruminants**

Answer 81

- Drained away at **filtration angle** into endothelial spaces between trabeculae and then to the **Canal of Schlemm**

Answer 82

Ora serrata - Transition from optic to blind part of retina, closer to lens Pigmented Epithelium - Has phagocytic ability - Dehydrate retina - Creat immune privilege space of inner eye Layers of Rods and Cones - Contains membranous vesicles stacked like coins in the processes of rods and cones In rods these membranous stacks contain a pigment called **_rhodopsin_** - In cones there is a pigment called **_iodospin_** - **_Rhodopsin and iodopsin are photoreceptor proteins_**

Answer 83

Two visual system: **scotopic** & **photopic** - Dark adapted (night) vision is called scotopic and is ruled by rods - **Rods have rhodopsin** - Light adapted (daylight) is called photoic and uses cones (color vision) - **Cones have iodopsin**

Answer 84

1st neuron - Nuclei of rods and cones 2nd neuron - Inner nuclear layer of **bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells** 3rd neuron - Layer of ganglion cells **Plexiform layers** are seen between these nuclear layers as lighter areas not containing many nuclei

Answer 85

- The foveal retina is modified to obtain the **maximum photoreceptor sensitivity** and the greatest visual discrimination. - Surrounding the fovea is an ovid yellow area about 1 mm wide called the **macula lutea**. - **Retinal blood vessels are absent at the fovea**. AT the fovea, the photoreceptors are almost **exclusively cones** which are elongated an closely packed.

Answer 86

The afferent fibers from the retina converge at a point medial to the fovea, at the **optic disc**. The fibers then penetrate the sclera through the _lamina cribosa_ to form the optic nerve. **Retina blind spo**t: Absence of photoreceptor cells from the optic nerve The afferent fibers are **not myelinated** The main blood supply of the retina is provided by the **central artery of the retina**

Answer 87

Lens Capsule - Thick basement membrane - Produced by epithelial lens cells - Is on the very outside of the lens Lens Epithelium - Cuboidal, present only on anterior aspect in the adult lens

Answer 88

Palpebral conjunctiva **Tarsal glands** - Large sebaceous glands that produce an oily film which covers the tear film and prevents evaporation Orbicularis oculi muscle **Third Eyelid**: Nictating memrane - Protection and moisten the eye while keeping visibility

Answer 89

Lacrimal glands - Contain serous antibacterial enzymes Superficial glands of the 3rd eyelid - Help produce lacrimal secretion - Cherry eye is a prolapse of this gland Deep Gland of 3rd Eyelid - Lacrimal gland

Answer 90

External Ear Middle Ear - Tympanic membrane transmits vibrations to oval window via ossicles Inner Ear - Impulses generated, transmitted to brain by **cochlear nerve** for hearing; by **vestibular nerve** for equilibrium

Answer 91

Ceruminous glands - Modified _apocrine sweat glands_ that make **cerumen**.

Answer 92

Tympanic cavity - Simple squamous epithelium **Ossicles**: 3 small bones in the midle ear **Malleus** **Incus** **Stapes** **Auditory (Eustachian) Tube** - Line by pseudo stratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells - Connects tympanic cavity and pharynx - **Guttural pouches**: In equine, are large diverticuli of the auditory tubes which functon to cool brain during exercise

Answer 93

A system of canals and cavities in the _petrous temporal bone_ (osseous labyrinth). Inside this system is a membranous system (membranous labyrinth) Osseous Labrynth: 3 Compartments 1. Vestibule 1. Utricle (horizontal linear acceleration) 2. Saccule (vertical linear accleration) 2. Semicircular canals - 2 verticle and 1 horizontal - Each canal has a bulge at one extremility "ampulla" where sensory epithelium is located 3. Cochlea

Answer 94

Accleration rotational accleration - cristae ampullares Cupula - gelatinous body horizontal liner accleration - macula utriculus vertical linear accleration - macula sacculus - Otoliths - calcium protein Vibration Organ of Corti

Answer 95

Dorsal - contains perilymph Middle (scala media) - contains endolymph Ventral - contains perilymph

Answer 96

Stria vascularis produces endolymph Organ of Corti - Has supporting cells and sensory "hair cells" Tectorial memrane - gelatinous body structure