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Urban Studies > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Glassner

A
  • Opinion leaders (journalist & politicians) foster fear about particular groups of people or certain dangers
  • Fear is used as a marketing tool- home security, campaigning for votes
  • Manipulates society (fear of black men, crime & drug violence)
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2
Q

Zukin

A
  • Cultural clashes between middle class & the poor
  • Eliminating the right for people to be in a location by privatizing public space
  • Driving out undesirable people (drives up market value)
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3
Q

Arnstein

A
  • 8 rung ladder of citizen participation
  • Non-participation is rung 1 & 2 (manipulation & therapy)
  • Tokenism is rung 3, 4 & 5 (informing, consultation & placation)
  • Citizen power is 6, 7 & 8 (partnership, delegated power & citizen control)
  • Citizen participation is citizen power (gives have-nots a say in the future)
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4
Q

Wilson & Kelling

A
  • Broken Windows: petty vandalism & graffiti are not small issues, they result from bigger issues in society
  • Once a neighborhood starts on a downward spiral it becomes self perpetuating, scaring away investors
  • Conveys idea that crime goes unpunished
  • Important to maintain social order and prevent crime
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5
Q

Gehl

A
  • Three types of outdoor activities (necessary activities, optional activities & “resultant”/ social activities)
  • Need to think about space on a smaller scale
  • Need inclusive spaces
  • Space between buildings
  • People/ human activities attract other people
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6
Q

Jane Jacobs

A
  • Idealizes the idea of busy sidewalks, believes sidewalks have more importance than to just carry pedestrians
  • City safety is directly effected by the density of pedestrians
  • Eyes upon the street, deserted city is bound to be unsafe
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7
Q

LeCorbusier

A
  • Focused on high-density developments which creates slums unintentionally
  • Decongest city centre, increase city density, increase means of getting around, increase parks/ open spaces
  • Large skyscrapers
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8
Q

Hall

A
  • Summarizes how urban planning has changed
  • Pre WWII physical planning focusing on architecture & aesthetics, post WWII more technical, scientific not an art
  • Division into theoretical & analytical approaches instead of technical, aspects should be viewed together
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9
Q

Davidoff

A
  • Different groups in society have different interests
  • Assumes that there will be planners who advocate for low incomes & minority groups
  • Focuses on planning outcomes
  • Focuses on who the city was built for
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10
Q

Fowler

A
  • Millions of houses built in suburbs for middle & working class (growth coalition)
  • Most people moved to suburbs to withdraw from stress and avoid unpleasant aspects of the city centre
  • Undermines intimate contact
  • Communities of solidarity in attempt to avoid social conflict
  • Keep out unwanted types of people
  • Segregate family relations from production process, separate home & work to maintain purity
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11
Q

Wheeler

A
  • Improving long-term health of people & ecological systems
  • Global warming should be an emphasis
  • Cities towns & suburbs have a pivotal role to play in climate change planning
  • Responsible for majority of greenhouse gas emission
  • Migration/ adaptation planning
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12
Q

Low

A
  • Focuses on why people move to gated communities
  • Fear of people & different ethnicities
  • As our cities become more planned based on fear, segregation in society becomes greater
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13
Q

Davis

A
  • Signs in public places to warn off the underclass
  • Mono functional public spaces with little public activity, little interaction during daily routines
  • Daily routines are functional not leisurely
  • Reduced public interaction- cars
  • Cities have been turned inside out
  • Streets have become desolate & dangerous
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14
Q

Gans

A
  • Analysis of post WWII tract home suburbia
  • Levittown allows residents to center their lives around family and be among neighbors they trust, but Levittown causes physical/ social isolation and financial problems, it has insufficient public transportation, inadequate decision making, lack of representation for minorities
  • Lack of meaningful connection between home & community
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15
Q

Harcourt

A
  • Theory of broken windows has no actual evidence to prove that it works
  • He believes that most crime is due to conditions of poverty and lack of trust between neighbours
  • Increased surveillance is decreasing crime not reducing “broken windows”
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16
Q

Jacos & Appleyard

A
  • Good environment that is accessible to everyone
  • No mega structures
  • Disorder and diversity makes city stimulating
  • No clearance projects
  • Highways or highrise buildings surrounded by open spaces
  • Oppose excessive standards
  • Wanted higher densities than garden city, otherwise it was not truly urban
17
Q

Mandipour

A
  • Cities are governed by exclusion and discrimination
  • Need to deemphasize private space
  • Social, economic and cultural discrimination
  • Private space leads to inequality
18
Q

Wright

A
  • Spread out of the city as much as possible
  • Focus on the automobile & the individual
  • With technology, common public spaces are unnecessary
19
Q

Kaiser & Godschalk

A
  • Land use planning (how urban land should be used for housing, industry, retail, open space etc)
  • Family tree planning: development of land use planning through a tree diagram/ growth of a tree
  • Disparate roots in planning theory & practice, slender ideas to a sturdy trunk, branching out
  • Plans are becoming sensitive to green & sustainability
20
Q

Cresswell

A
  • Defining place
  • Social relations are spacial relations
  • People form attachments to place & people within a place
  • Notion of place: sense of place (feeling towards a place, identity), locale(material setting, play a role in interactions), location (broader relationships, setting of the place, places don’t stand alone)
21
Q

Newman & Kenworthy

A
  • Transport priorities, economic priorities & cultural priorities shape cities
  • Walking cities disappeared, transit cities: wider spread cities & train transport to the centre, automobile city: increased residential areas & journey distances
  • Oil depletion, greenhouse gases: most significant reasons for cities to reassess priorities
  • Environmental, economic & social costs of automobile dependance are forcing rethinking of the way cities are built
  • Third world countries: transportation & land use are still tightly connected (less cars, more biking, walking, public transport)
22
Q

Blowers & Pain

A
  • Focus on reducing production consumption & reduce pollution to sustainable levels
  • Ecological modernization (emphasis on ecology & technology)
23
Q

Boddy

A
  • Building an analogous city
  • Cities have become artificial
  • Privatization of downtown
  • Eliminating conflict between pedestrian & automobiles (walkways above and below ground)
  • Minimizes public interaction causing social segregation
24
Q

Harvey

A
    • Criticizes the idea that design can solve everything
    • Fundamental difficulty caused by privileging spacial forms over spacial processes
    • Community is key site for social control & repression
    • Urban area has been neglected
    • Conflict shapes space & space shapes conflict
    • If you create patterns of social segregation it effects social dynamics
    • Community building causes isolation, often built on excluding others, to define the community group there must be an out group, communities can not solve social problems
25
Q

Hayden

A
  • Women are confined to their housed, no car or public transportation
  • Lack of women’s resources
  • Non-sexist city would be completely opposite (more open floor plan and social programs)
26
Q

Sitte

A
  • Structures need to be built to human scale
  • Importance of enclosed public spaces
  • Believed in positive interactions originated from agoras and public spaces
27
Q

Olmstead

A
  • Beautification of cities is a superficial solution but doesn’t actually solve problems
  • Focus on preserving trees & sunlight
  • Park extensions
28
Q

Calthorpe

A
  • Mismatch between old suburban pattens with the post-modern culture
  • Similarities exist between garden cities & the pedestrian pocket
  • Pedestrian pocket accommodates the car, transit & walking
  • Focus on short walking distance & limited automobile use, LRT
  • Homes within walking distance of shopping centres
29
Q

Kunstler

A
  • Sense of something wrong with where we live & work (no sense of place, loss of community)
  • Glum about the future of our civilization
  • Mindless city planning, soulless suburbs, fragmenting city cores”
  • Degrading the city degrades public life
30
Q

Mollenkopf

A
  • Cities computer to attract wealth private investors
  • Regime theory: certain groups of people push certain agendas leading to unequal policy makers
  • Pluralists vs. structuralists
31
Q

Lake

A
  • Calls for reinterpretation of NIMBY, argues that the basis of immunity resistance to unwanted land use is a structural societal problem
  • NIMBY perspective provides an opposing force against the capital
  • NIMBY is not being criticized for the right reasons
32
Q

Spain

A
  • Chicago school had all male scholars and practitioners, they were looking at the city solely from a male view/ breadwinner view
  • Duel income housing increasingly popular-less incentive to have kids, more options for housing and location, change in family status and more cars
  • More traffic results, more money towards space on roads, no one home for most of the day (security, food options, gated communities)
33
Q

Lynch

A
  • Laid out key element of urban environment
  • Paths are important in terms of flow of people
  • Boundaries: edges, districts
  • Nodes: places of convergence of paths
  • Landmarks
34
Q

Whyte

A
  • Concerned with people
  • Set up video cameras in public spaces
  • Focused on parks & plazas
  • Opportunity to interact with other people draws people to a space
35
Q

Howard

A
  • Garden cities of tomorrow
  • Towns closed out nature but provided social opportunity
  • The countryside as a lack of society, but beauty in nature
  • Towncountry is ideal, best of both worlds
  • Decentralization, zoning for different uses
36
Q

Calthorpe & Fulton

A
  • Designing at the human scale, rather than the automobile
  • Designing from the bottom up (street-level)
  • Designing the region is designing the neighbourhood
  • Human scale (simple human desires), diversity, conservation
37
Q

Forester

A
  • Planning should involve conflict resolution
  • Urban planner should function as a mediator
  • Facilitate rather than dictate
38
Q

Bruegmann

A
  • Americans are anti- urban (they like individualism, low density living & automobile usage)
  • Want to rearrange physical elements to make life more convenient/ pleasant
  • Suburbia is a good place to live, work & raise children
  • Downtown is a good place for ballgames, night clubs, christmas shopping. museum
  • Economic factors are prime factor of human interaction & the driving force in life
  • Government caused suburbanization
  • Humans seems to prefer moderate clustering
  • Privacy mobility & choice
39
Q

Beatley

A
  • Examples of different cities with different environmental practices
  • Europe: double the high-speed rail tracks, Berlin has 800km of biking paths
  • Shared vehicles have now become popular to reduce cars on roads
  • Green roofs and spaces
  • Public and government should support green initiatives

Urban Studies (1 decks)

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