Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Glassner
A
- Opinion leaders (journalist & politicians) foster fear about particular groups of people or certain dangers
- Fear is used as a marketing tool- home security, campaigning for votes
- Manipulates society (fear of black men, crime & drug violence)
2
Q
Zukin
A
- Cultural clashes between middle class & the poor
- Eliminating the right for people to be in a location by privatizing public space
- Driving out undesirable people (drives up market value)
3
Q
Arnstein
A
- 8 rung ladder of citizen participation
- Non-participation is rung 1 & 2 (manipulation & therapy)
- Tokenism is rung 3, 4 & 5 (informing, consultation & placation)
- Citizen power is 6, 7 & 8 (partnership, delegated power & citizen control)
- Citizen participation is citizen power (gives have-nots a say in the future)
4
Q
Wilson & Kelling
A
- Broken Windows: petty vandalism & graffiti are not small issues, they result from bigger issues in society
- Once a neighborhood starts on a downward spiral it becomes self perpetuating, scaring away investors
- Conveys idea that crime goes unpunished
- Important to maintain social order and prevent crime
5
Q
Gehl
A
- Three types of outdoor activities (necessary activities, optional activities & “resultant”/ social activities)
- Need to think about space on a smaller scale
- Need inclusive spaces
- Space between buildings
- People/ human activities attract other people
6
Q
Jane Jacobs
A
- Idealizes the idea of busy sidewalks, believes sidewalks have more importance than to just carry pedestrians
- City safety is directly effected by the density of pedestrians
- Eyes upon the street, deserted city is bound to be unsafe
7
Q
LeCorbusier
A
- Focused on high-density developments which creates slums unintentionally
- Decongest city centre, increase city density, increase means of getting around, increase parks/ open spaces
- Large skyscrapers
8
Q
Hall
A
- Summarizes how urban planning has changed
- Pre WWII physical planning focusing on architecture & aesthetics, post WWII more technical, scientific not an art
- Division into theoretical & analytical approaches instead of technical, aspects should be viewed together
9
Q
Davidoff
A
- Different groups in society have different interests
- Assumes that there will be planners who advocate for low incomes & minority groups
- Focuses on planning outcomes
- Focuses on who the city was built for
10
Q
Fowler
A
- Millions of houses built in suburbs for middle & working class (growth coalition)
- Most people moved to suburbs to withdraw from stress and avoid unpleasant aspects of the city centre
- Undermines intimate contact
- Communities of solidarity in attempt to avoid social conflict
- Keep out unwanted types of people
- Segregate family relations from production process, separate home & work to maintain purity
11
Q
Wheeler
A
- Improving long-term health of people & ecological systems
- Global warming should be an emphasis
- Cities towns & suburbs have a pivotal role to play in climate change planning
- Responsible for majority of greenhouse gas emission
- Migration/ adaptation planning
12
Q
Low
A
- Focuses on why people move to gated communities
- Fear of people & different ethnicities
- As our cities become more planned based on fear, segregation in society becomes greater
13
Q
Davis
A
- Signs in public places to warn off the underclass
- Mono functional public spaces with little public activity, little interaction during daily routines
- Daily routines are functional not leisurely
- Reduced public interaction- cars
- Cities have been turned inside out
- Streets have become desolate & dangerous
14
Q
Gans
A
- Analysis of post WWII tract home suburbia
- Levittown allows residents to center their lives around family and be among neighbors they trust, but Levittown causes physical/ social isolation and financial problems, it has insufficient public transportation, inadequate decision making, lack of representation for minorities
- Lack of meaningful connection between home & community
15
Q
Harcourt
A
- Theory of broken windows has no actual evidence to prove that it works
- He believes that most crime is due to conditions of poverty and lack of trust between neighbours
- Increased surveillance is decreasing crime not reducing “broken windows”
16
Q
Jacos & Appleyard
A
- Good environment that is accessible to everyone
- No mega structures
- Disorder and diversity makes city stimulating
- No clearance projects
- Highways or highrise buildings surrounded by open spaces
- Oppose excessive standards
- Wanted higher densities than garden city, otherwise it was not truly urban
17
Q
Mandipour
A
- Cities are governed by exclusion and discrimination
- Need to deemphasize private space
- Social, economic and cultural discrimination
- Private space leads to inequality
18
Q
Wright
A
- Spread out of the city as much as possible
- Focus on the automobile & the individual
- With technology, common public spaces are unnecessary
19
Q
Kaiser & Godschalk
A
- Land use planning (how urban land should be used for housing, industry, retail, open space etc)
- Family tree planning: development of land use planning through a tree diagram/ growth of a tree
- Disparate roots in planning theory & practice, slender ideas to a sturdy trunk, branching out
- Plans are becoming sensitive to green & sustainability
20
Q
Cresswell
A
- Defining place
- Social relations are spacial relations
- People form attachments to place & people within a place
- Notion of place: sense of place (feeling towards a place, identity), locale(material setting, play a role in interactions), location (broader relationships, setting of the place, places don’t stand alone)
21
Q
Newman & Kenworthy
A
- Transport priorities, economic priorities & cultural priorities shape cities
- Walking cities disappeared, transit cities: wider spread cities & train transport to the centre, automobile city: increased residential areas & journey distances
- Oil depletion, greenhouse gases: most significant reasons for cities to reassess priorities
- Environmental, economic & social costs of automobile dependance are forcing rethinking of the way cities are built
- Third world countries: transportation & land use are still tightly connected (less cars, more biking, walking, public transport)
22
Q
Blowers & Pain
A
- Focus on reducing production consumption & reduce pollution to sustainable levels
- Ecological modernization (emphasis on ecology & technology)
23
Q
Boddy
A
- Building an analogous city
- Cities have become artificial
- Privatization of downtown
- Eliminating conflict between pedestrian & automobiles (walkways above and below ground)
- Minimizes public interaction causing social segregation
24
Q
Harvey
A
- Criticizes the idea that design can solve everything
- Fundamental difficulty caused by privileging spacial forms over spacial processes
- Community is key site for social control & repression
- Urban area has been neglected
- Conflict shapes space & space shapes conflict
- If you create patterns of social segregation it effects social dynamics
- Community building causes isolation, often built on excluding others, to define the community group there must be an out group, communities can not solve social problems
25
Q
Hayden
A
- Women are confined to their housed, no car or public transportation
- Lack of women’s resources
- Non-sexist city would be completely opposite (more open floor plan and social programs)
26
Q
Sitte
A
- Structures need to be built to human scale
- Importance of enclosed public spaces
- Believed in positive interactions originated from agoras and public spaces
27
Q
Olmstead
A
- Beautification of cities is a superficial solution but doesn’t actually solve problems
- Focus on preserving trees & sunlight
- Park extensions
28
Q
Calthorpe
A
- Mismatch between old suburban pattens with the post-modern culture
- Similarities exist between garden cities & the pedestrian pocket
- Pedestrian pocket accommodates the car, transit & walking
- Focus on short walking distance & limited automobile use, LRT
- Homes within walking distance of shopping centres
29
Q
Kunstler
A
- Sense of something wrong with where we live & work (no sense of place, loss of community)
- Glum about the future of our civilization
- Mindless city planning, soulless suburbs, fragmenting city cores”
- Degrading the city degrades public life
30
Q
Mollenkopf
A
- Cities computer to attract wealth private investors
- Regime theory: certain groups of people push certain agendas leading to unequal policy makers
- Pluralists vs. structuralists
31
Q
Lake
A
- Calls for reinterpretation of NIMBY, argues that the basis of immunity resistance to unwanted land use is a structural societal problem
- NIMBY perspective provides an opposing force against the capital
- NIMBY is not being criticized for the right reasons
32
Q
Spain
A
- Chicago school had all male scholars and practitioners, they were looking at the city solely from a male view/ breadwinner view
- Duel income housing increasingly popular-less incentive to have kids, more options for housing and location, change in family status and more cars
- More traffic results, more money towards space on roads, no one home for most of the day (security, food options, gated communities)
33
Q
Lynch
A
- Laid out key element of urban environment
- Paths are important in terms of flow of people
- Boundaries: edges, districts
- Nodes: places of convergence of paths
- Landmarks
34
Q
Whyte
A
- Concerned with people
- Set up video cameras in public spaces
- Focused on parks & plazas
- Opportunity to interact with other people draws people to a space
35
Q
Howard
A
- Garden cities of tomorrow
- Towns closed out nature but provided social opportunity
- The countryside as a lack of society, but beauty in nature
- Towncountry is ideal, best of both worlds
- Decentralization, zoning for different uses
36
Q
Calthorpe & Fulton
A
- Designing at the human scale, rather than the automobile
- Designing from the bottom up (street-level)
- Designing the region is designing the neighbourhood
- Human scale (simple human desires), diversity, conservation
37
Q
Forester
A
- Planning should involve conflict resolution
- Urban planner should function as a mediator
- Facilitate rather than dictate
38
Q
Bruegmann
A
- Americans are anti- urban (they like individualism, low density living & automobile usage)
- Want to rearrange physical elements to make life more convenient/ pleasant
- Suburbia is a good place to live, work & raise children
- Downtown is a good place for ballgames, night clubs, christmas shopping. museum
- Economic factors are prime factor of human interaction & the driving force in life
- Government caused suburbanization
- Humans seems to prefer moderate clustering
- Privacy mobility & choice
39
Q
Beatley
A
- Examples of different cities with different environmental practices
- Europe: double the high-speed rail tracks, Berlin has 800km of biking paths
- Shared vehicles have now become popular to reduce cars on roads
- Green roofs and spaces
- Public and government should support green initiatives
