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speech acoustics > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

the natural frequency of vibration of an object or acoustic space is called its

A

resonance

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2
Q

give an example of an object vibrating at it’s resonant frequency.

A

tuning fork

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3
Q

when the airflow is smooth, orderly, straight, and uninterrupted, it is called

A

laminar flow

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4
Q

what speech sounds are associated with turbulen (nonlaminar) air flow?

A

fricatives
plosives
affricates

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5
Q

x ray images can be used to study which of the following?

  1. swallowing
  2. palatal movement
  3. articulator movement
  4. none of the above
  5. all of the above
A

all of the above.

We use x-ray for swallowing most of the time.

Others are used more often in research labs.

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6
Q

coarticulation occurs

  1. at the boundaries between sounds
  2. between words in connected speech
  3. slowly
  4. a and b
  5. a and c
A

A and b
1. At the boundaries between sounds
AND
2. Between words in connected speech

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7
Q

Transitions in F2 and F3 frequencies are markers for which feature?

place
constriction
manner
aspiration noise

A

place

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8
Q

Formants are easier to identify in _________ spectrogram

  1. wideband
  2. narrowband
A

wideband

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9
Q

What can you get a better measure of with a narrow band on a spectrogram?

A

the fundamental frequency and it’s harmonics

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10
Q

What is the difference between resonant frequency and fundamental frequency?

A

Resonant is a characteristic of an object occupying some space. It may be the only energy produced by the object (a simple sound like a tuning fork).

A fundamental frequency is part of a complex harmonic sound. (fundamental is the lowest in a series of harmonic frequencies that are multiples of the same value).

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11
Q 
in a series of Hz with
80 Hz
160Hz
240 Hz
320 Hz

which is the fundamental?

A

80 Hz

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12
Q

What part of speaking voice exists below 300 Hz?

A

F0.

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13
Q

From zero to the top of the wave is what degree?

A

90 degrees

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14
Q

From the zero to the top back to zero wave is what degree phase point?

A

180 degrees

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15
Q

From zero to the top, back to zero and then to the bottom of the wave is

A

270 degrees

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16
Q

from zero to the top to zero to the bottom back to the top of the wave is what degree?

A

360 degrees

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17
Q

Aspiration occurs in________ voiceless stops

A

singleton

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18
Q

What factors determine the way an object will vibrate?

A

mass
elasticity/stiffness
resistance

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19
Q

Are there any acoustic invariant cues?

A

No.

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20
Q

The high front /i/ (ee) vowel has what kind of values

A

F1-low

f2-High

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21
Q

Low back vowels have _______F1 values and ______F2 values

A

F1 high

F2 low

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22
Q

High back vowels have _____F1 and ______F2 values.

A

F1 low

F2 low

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23
Q

Frequency is measures in cycles per second, also called….

A

Hertz

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24
Q

Frequency represents that _________ of vibration

A

resonancy

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25
Q

what kind of consonant that entails noise is created by turbulence in the air introduced by the point of greatest constriction?

A

fricatives?

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26
Q

what kinds of consonants are associated with complete temporary closure of the vocal tract?

A

stops (plosives)

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27
Q

what kinds of consonants are associated with dropping the velum, and creating low, strong F1 energy and weaker higher formant energies?

A

nasals

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28
Q

What contains features of both stops and fricatives?

A

affricates

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29
Q

What class of consonants contain vowel like formant transitions and obvious anti formants?

A

liquids and glides (examples of sonoroants)

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30
Q

Give an example of a voiced stop

A

/p/

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31
Q

give e.x of lingual palatal fricative

A

sh

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32
Q

give examples of a lingual-alveolar nasal

A

n

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33
Q

what are two affricates?

A

/ch/

/j/

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34
Q

give an example of a retroflex liquid

A

/r/

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35
Q

What is coarticulation?

A

changes in the acoustic cues for any phoneme resulting from the movement from the gesture to produce the PRECEDING phoneme OR to the gesture associated with the NEXT phoneme

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36
Q

What is one key reason why there are NO real acoustic invariant cues in speech?

A

coarticulation

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37
Q

What are the prosody cues?

A

Variations in intensity, fundamental frequency (pitch) of voice, and duration of the syllables

38
Q

what reveals complexity of vocal fold movements/

A

high speed videography

39
Q

what are the two filtered bands of spectrography?

A

narrow band-extract acoustic info

broad (wide) band-allows you to see formants

40
Q

x-ray kinematics reveal______ of articulattors

A

the motion

41
Q

frequency is measured in cycles per second, also called ____

A

hertz.

42
Q

what is the inverse square law?

A

1/distance squared
the influence of distance from a sound source on it’s intensity.

the farther you get from the sounds source, the more it decreases.

43
Q

t/f

Speech motor control refers to complex way we convert utterance to meaning,

A

FALSE!

44
Q

which would be the best kind of microphone to pick up sounds directly in front of it, but not from the sides or behind i

A

cardiod

45
Q

The subject of a message, its syntactic structure & what possible words might be uttered would best describe it

A

top-down processing

46
Q

Transitions in F2 and F3 frequencies are markers for which feature?

A

Place

47
Q

Put the places of articulation in order from most downstream to most upstream

A 
bilabial
labiodental
interdental
alveolar
palatal
velar
glottal
48
Q

What are fricatives characterized by?

A

turbulent airflow

49
Q

what phonemes are produced by occluding the oral cavity, opening the velopharyngeal port, and directing continuous airflow out through the nasal cavity?

A

m,n, ng

50
Q

all nasals are

A

voiced

51
Q

appproximants include the alveolar /j/ and the bilabial /w/ both of which are also called….

A

glides

52
Q

an air burst seen on a spectrogram following a silent period is associated with

A

stops

53
Q

coarticulation is a result of

A

rapid adjustments in the vocal tract

54
Q

will sound traveler faster or slower in denser media?

A

the more dense, the faster it will travel

55
Q

what is a period?

A

the time it takes for a wave to complete one cycle.

56
Q

In graphing a sound wave form, the x- axis represents _____ and the Y axis represents______

A
  1. time

2. amplitude

57
Q

what are standing waves?

A

Standing waves are patterns of vibration that result from the interaction of incident and reflected waves

58
Q

We call the maxima (where there is maximum constructive interference and therefore greatest amplitude)

A

antinodes

59
Q

and the minima (where the destructive intereference is greatest and the resulting amplitude the least)

A

nodes

60
Q

frequency represents the ____ of vibration

A

rate

61
Q

how are sound intensity and sound pressure related?

A

intensity increases as the square of the sound pressure

if amplitude doubles, intensity quadruples

62
Q

as sound spreads over a larger area, the intensity of the sounds

A

decreases

63
Q 
which of the following utilizes reflected sound?
ultrasound
radiation
spirometry
eeg
A

ultrasound

64
Q

The tendency of one medium to set an adjoining or interconnected medium into vibration is called _________> The object or medium that is set into vibration is called a/an____________

A

forced vibration.

resonator

65
Q

When air inside a partially or completely enclosed container is set into vibration, we say that the container is a/an:

A

acoustic resonator

66
Q

the location along a vibrating rope where no amplitude of vibration appears to occur are called

A

nodes

67
Q

the natural frequency of vibration of an object or acoustic space is called its

A

resonant frequency

68
Q

With the doppler effect, a non-moving listener hearing a moving sound will experience what ?

A

a perceived change sound in frequency

69
Q

Quiet breathing at rest is called

A

tidal breathing

70
Q

On average, when resting quietly, we take approximately how many breaths per minute?

A

12 to 15

71
Q

The volume of air that is exchanged during any particular cycle of inhalation/exhalation is called the:

A

tidal volume

72
Q

forceful inhalation is said to occur at greater than ___ of vital capacity

A

60%

73
Q

the primary muscles of inspiration are

A

diaphragm and external intercostals

74
Q

when the volume of a container is increased, the gas pressure inside it will

A

decrease

75
Q

The respiratory center is located in what part of the central nervous system?

A

medulla oblongota

76
Q

As the lumen of the airway narrows, resistance to airflow is

A

increased

77
Q 
Which of the following affect lung volume? 
gender
ethnicity
height
all of the above
none
A

all of the above

78
Q

smoking can cause the lungs to

A

lose elasticity

79
Q

a filter allowing energy through between a low-pass cutoff and a high-pass cutoff but attenuating energy at frequencies outside of these cutoffs would be called

A

a band pass filter

80
Q

Averaging of the spectral energy over a window of a specified duration of sustained vowel phonation is measured by

A

LTAS

long term average spectrum

81
Q

formants are easier to identify in a _______ spectrogram

A

wide band

82
Q 
issues with MRI recordings for speech include
sensitivity to motion
claustrophobic response by subject
expense
noise produced by process
all
none
A

all of the above

83
Q 
which of the following has the lowest cost?
MRI
CT SCAN
PET SCAN
X RAY?
A

X-RAY

84
Q

which of the systems would require extensive user training in order to read the images?

A

ultrasound

85
Q

a downstream constriction is

A

located closer to the mouth

86
Q

coarticulation is the result of

A

rapid adjustments in the vocal tract

87
Q

list the three primary features of consonants

A

place of articulation
manner of articulation
voicing

88
Q

an air burst seen on a spectrogram following a silent period is associated with

A

stops

89
Q

voice onset time is

A

the time from the release of the stop to the onset of voicing

90
Q

all nasals are

A

voiced

speech acoustics (1 decks)

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