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final exam Flashcards

1
Q

the natural frequency of vibration of an object or acoustic space is called its

A

resonance

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2
Q

give an example of an object vibrating at it’s resonant frequency.

A

tuning fork

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3
Q

when the airflow is smooth, orderly, straight, and uninterrupted, it is called

A

laminar flow

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4
Q

what speech sounds are associated with turbulen (nonlaminar) air flow?

A

fricatives
plosives
affricates

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5
Q

x ray images can be used to study which of the following?

  1. swallowing
  2. palatal movement
  3. articulator movement
  4. none of the above
  5. all of the above
A

all of the above.

We use x-ray for swallowing most of the time.

Others are used more often in research labs.

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6
Q

coarticulation occurs

  1. at the boundaries between sounds
  2. between words in connected speech
  3. slowly
  4. a and b
  5. a and c
A

A and b
1. At the boundaries between sounds
AND
2. Between words in connected speech

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7
Q

Transitions in F2 and F3 frequencies are markers for which feature?

place
constriction
manner
aspiration noise

A

place

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8
Q

Formants are easier to identify in _________ spectrogram

  1. wideband
  2. narrowband
A

wideband

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9
Q

What can you get a better measure of with a narrow band on a spectrogram?

A

the fundamental frequency and it’s harmonics

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10
Q

What is the difference between resonant frequency and fundamental frequency?

A

Resonant is a characteristic of an object occupying some space. It may be the only energy produced by the object (a simple sound like a tuning fork).

A fundamental frequency is part of a complex harmonic sound. (fundamental is the lowest in a series of harmonic frequencies that are multiples of the same value).

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11
Q 
in a series of Hz with
80 Hz
160Hz
240 Hz
320 Hz

which is the fundamental?

A

80 Hz

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12
Q

What part of speaking voice exists below 300 Hz?

A

F0.

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13
Q

From zero to the top of the wave is what degree?

A

90 degrees

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14
Q

From the zero to the top back to zero wave is what degree phase point?

A

180 degrees

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15
Q

From zero to the top, back to zero and then to the bottom of the wave is

A

270 degrees

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16
Q

from zero to the top to zero to the bottom back to the top of the wave is what degree?

A

360 degrees

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17
Q

Aspiration occurs in________ voiceless stops

A

singleton

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18
Q

What factors determine the way an object will vibrate?

A

mass
elasticity/stiffness
resistance

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19
Q

Are there any acoustic invariant cues?

A

No.

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20
Q

The high front /i/ (ee) vowel has what kind of values

A

F1-low

f2-High

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21
Q

Low back vowels have _______F1 values and ______F2 values

A

F1 high

F2 low

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22
Q

High back vowels have _____F1 and ______F2 values.

A

F1 low

F2 low

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23
Q

Frequency is measures in cycles per second, also called….

A

Hertz

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24
Q

Frequency represents that _________ of vibration

A

resonancy

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25
what kind of consonant that entails noise is created by turbulence in the air introduced by the point of greatest constriction?
fricatives?
26
what kinds of consonants are associated with complete temporary closure of the vocal tract?
stops (plosives)
27
what kinds of consonants are associated with dropping the velum, and creating low, strong F1 energy and weaker higher formant energies?
nasals
28
What contains features of both stops and fricatives?
affricates
29
What class of consonants contain vowel like formant transitions and obvious anti formants?
liquids and glides (examples of sonoroants)
30
Give an example of a voiced stop
/p/
31
give e.x of lingual palatal fricative
sh
32
give examples of a lingual-alveolar nasal
n
33
what are two affricates?
/ch/ | /j/
34
give an example of a retroflex liquid
/r/
35
What is coarticulation?
changes in the acoustic cues for any phoneme resulting from the movement from the gesture to produce the PRECEDING phoneme OR to the gesture associated with the NEXT phoneme
36
What is one key reason why there are NO real acoustic invariant cues in speech?
coarticulation
37
What are the prosody cues?
Variations in intensity, fundamental frequency (pitch) of voice, and duration of the syllables
38
what reveals complexity of vocal fold movements/
high speed videography
39
what are the two filtered bands of spectrography?
narrow band-extract acoustic info broad (wide) band-allows you to see formants
40
x-ray kinematics reveal______ of articulattors
the motion
41
frequency is measured in cycles per second, also called ____
hertz.
42
what is the inverse square law?
1/distance squared the influence of distance from a sound source on it's intensity. the farther you get from the sounds source, the more it decreases.
43
t/f | Speech motor control refers to complex way we convert utterance to meaning,
FALSE!
44
which would be the best kind of microphone to pick up sounds directly in front of it, but not from the sides or behind i
cardiod
45
The subject of a message, its syntactic structure & what possible words might be uttered would best describe it
top-down processing
46
Transitions in F2 and F3 frequencies are markers for which feature?
Place
47
Put the places of articulation in order from most downstream to most upstream
``` bilabial labiodental interdental alveolar palatal velar glottal ```
48
What are fricatives characterized by?
turbulent airflow
49
what phonemes are produced by occluding the oral cavity, opening the velopharyngeal port, and directing continuous airflow out through the nasal cavity?
m,n, ng
50
all nasals are
voiced
51
appproximants include the alveolar /j/ and the bilabial /w/ both of which are also called....
glides
52
an air burst seen on a spectrogram following a silent period is associated with
stops
53
coarticulation is a result of
rapid adjustments in the vocal tract
54
will sound traveler faster or slower in denser media?
the more dense, the faster it will travel
55
what is a period?
the time it takes for a wave to complete one cycle.
56
In graphing a sound wave form, the x- axis represents _____ and the Y axis represents______
1. time | 2. amplitude
57
what are standing waves?
Standing waves are patterns of vibration that result from the interaction of incident and reflected waves
58
We call the maxima (where there is maximum constructive interference and therefore greatest amplitude)
antinodes
59
and the minima (where the destructive intereference is greatest and the resulting amplitude the least)
nodes
60
frequency represents the ____ of vibration
rate
61
how are sound intensity and sound pressure related?
intensity increases as the square of the sound pressure | if amplitude doubles, intensity quadruples
62
as sound spreads over a larger area, the intensity of the sounds
decreases
63
``` which of the following utilizes reflected sound? ultrasound radiation spirometry eeg ```
ultrasound
64
The tendency of one medium to set an adjoining or interconnected medium into vibration is called _________> The object or medium that is set into vibration is called a/an____________
forced vibration. resonator
65
When air inside a partially or completely enclosed container is set into vibration, we say that the container is a/an:
acoustic resonator
66
the location along a vibrating rope where no amplitude of vibration appears to occur are called
nodes
67
the natural frequency of vibration of an object or acoustic space is called its
resonant frequency
68
With the doppler effect, a non-moving listener hearing a moving sound will experience what ?
a perceived change sound in frequency
69
Quiet breathing at rest is called
tidal breathing
70
On average, when resting quietly, we take approximately how many breaths per minute?
12 to 15
71
The volume of air that is exchanged during any particular cycle of inhalation/exhalation is called the:
tidal volume
72
forceful inhalation is said to occur at greater than ___ of vital capacity
60%
73
the primary muscles of inspiration are
diaphragm and external intercostals
74
when the volume of a container is increased, the gas pressure inside it will
decrease
75
The respiratory center is located in what part of the central nervous system?
medulla oblongota
76
As the lumen of the airway narrows, resistance to airflow is
increased
77
``` Which of the following affect lung volume? gender ethnicity height all of the above none ```
all of the above
78
smoking can cause the lungs to
lose elasticity
79
a filter allowing energy through between a low-pass cutoff and a high-pass cutoff but attenuating energy at frequencies outside of these cutoffs would be called
a band pass filter
80
Averaging of the spectral energy over a window of a specified duration of sustained vowel phonation is measured by
LTAS | long term average spectrum
81
formants are easier to identify in a _______ spectrogram
wide band
82
``` issues with MRI recordings for speech include sensitivity to motion claustrophobic response by subject expense noise produced by process all none ```
all of the above
83
``` which of the following has the lowest cost? MRI CT SCAN PET SCAN X RAY? ```
X-RAY
84
which of the systems would require extensive user training in order to read the images?
ultrasound
85
a downstream constriction is
located closer to the mouth
86
coarticulation is the result of
rapid adjustments in the vocal tract
87
list the three primary features of consonants
place of articulation manner of articulation voicing
88
an air burst seen on a spectrogram following a silent period is associated with
stops
89
voice onset time is
the time from the release of the stop to the onset of voicing
90
all nasals are
voiced

speech acoustics (1 decks)

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