Final Exam Flashcards
One of the earliest bishops of Rome. Wrote letter to the Corinthians (earliest surviving Christian writing outside NT). He stressed proper Church order and obeying local church leaders.
Clement of Rome. (EC, 0-312).
Early principal apologist. Defended Christian belief and practice against accusations of atheism, incest, and cannibalism. Took philosophical approach.
Justin Martyr. (EC, 0-312).
An enthusiastic young Christian who founded a movement, an apocalyptic group that emphasized visions, tongues, prophecy, and intense religious emotions.
Montanus. (EC, 0-312).
An edict issued by Constantine and Licinius, allowing for freedom of religion for Christians throughout the Empire (policy of toleration).
Edict of Milan. (PN, 312-590).
Archdeacon and later bishop of Alexandria who championed the cause of Nicene orthodoxy over Arianism. Wrote On the Incarnation.
Athanasius. (PN, 312-590).
Held that in Christ were two separate persons: one human and one divine.
Nestorianism. (PN, 312-590).
Prefect of Rome who gave up his position and wealth to found and join a monastery. He eventually became an abbott and then, by will of the public, pope. He fended off the barbarian Lombards. He sent Augustine of Canterbury to evangelize Britain. He wrote Pastoral Rule.
Gregory the Great. (MA, 590-1517).
Missionary to Ireland who promoted monasticism.
St. Patrick. (PN, 312-590).
King of the Franks whose army, at Tours, defeated the massive juggernaut of Muslim forces. He was then seen as defender of Christendom (partnership between kings and the papacy).
Charles Martel. (MA, 590-1000).
A teenage girl from a noble family of Assisi who joined in the same missionary endeavor as Francis, starting a second order for women (the Poor _____).
Clara. (MA, 1000-1517).
Traveling, poor, persecuted evangelistic preaching group. They were formally excommunicated by Pope Lucius and later joined the Protestant Reformation.
Waldensians. (MA, 1000-1517).
A controversial intellectual who wrote Sic et Non (Yes and No), exposing contradictory beliefs held by Christians and offering no synthesis of his own. His theory of atonement was that Christ’s death is the highest expression of God’s love toward humanity and it kindles within us an answering love (no penal aspect).
Abelard. (MA, 1000-1517).
Issued by Pope Boniface VIII to King of France, Philip IV, declaring that “outside this Church there is neither salvation nor remission of sins” and defending papal claims.
Unam Sanctum. (MA, 1000-1517).
The peak of papal power came with his papacy. “Vicar of Christ”, “mediator between God and man”, authority over the secular authority. He launched a crusade against the Cathari and the Fourth Crusade to the Holy land, but only captured Constantinople. He convened at the Fourth Lateran Council, which adopted hundreds of his ideas (confession, transubstantiation, seven sacraments, government sanctioned persecution of heretics, etc.).
Innocent III. (MA, 1000-1517).
Humanist (recovery of classic sources) and text critic who exposed the forgery of the Donation of Constantine. He also challenged the traditional Latin translation of Matt. 4:17 (“do penance” vs. “repentance”).
Lorenzo Valla. (MA, 1000-1517).
German inventor and engraver who invented movable type and the printing press.
Gutenberg. (MA, 1000-1517).
Emperor of Rome who is the first to legislate favorably toward Christianity.
Constantine. (PN, 312-590).
Bishop of Smyrna and disciple of John the apostle. Wrote a letter to the Philippians. Martyr.
Polycarp. (EC, 0-312).
Missionary to Gaul (France), disciple of Polycarp, wrote Against Heresies (against Gnosticism, esp. Marcion, and Velntinian). He argued that the unbroken succession of presiding bishops and presbyters represented and guaranteed apostolic authority.
Irenaeus. (EC, 0-312).
Roman Emperor who persecuted Christians. Issued an edict commanding everyone to sacrifice to the Roman gods (Libelli).
Decius. (EC, 0-312).
Former Roman lawyer in North Africa, first major Christian author to use Latin and father of Latin Theology. Intellectually attacked opponents of Christianity and was influential in refuting Gnosticism. Later embraced Montanism.
Tertullian. (EC, 0-312).
Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nazianzus, and Gregory of Nyssa. Defenders of Nicene Trinitarian orthodoxy against Arianism who also helped organize Eastern monasticism.
Cappadocia Fathers. (PN, 312-590).
This view rejected the idea that Jesus Christ had two natures. At the incarnation the human and divine natures blended/fused into a third kind of nature (a hybrid essence).
Eutychianism (Monophysitism). (PN, 312-590).
A forged document that purportedly gave the Western empire with its lands to the pope and claimed the pope had authority over all the churches in the world. It was used by Pope Stephen II to receive lands from Pepin the Short, King of the Franks.
Donation of Constantine. (MA, 590-1000).
Monastic missionary to Britain who founded a monastery there and saw the conversion of King Ethelbert.
Augustine (not Hippo). (MA, 590-1000).
Son of Pepin, a deeply religious man and a great warrior. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, setting up a tense partnership between pope and emperor. He encouraged religious reforms and an intellectual and cultural renaissance.
Charlemagne. (MA, 590-1000).
