Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ESSM 318-500 David Briske > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Resilience indicators are utilized to help identify the…

A

position of a state relative to a pending threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Critical thinking

A

the careful application of reason in determination of whether a claim is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Anthropocene

A
  • huge human footprint on earth system

- a new management framework is needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Global change indicators

A
  • ocean acidification

- climate change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Wicked problems

A

challenges to the earth system that are impossible to completely resolve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Approaches to sustainability

A
  • adaptation

- mitigation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Climate change controversy

A

not a problem waiting to be proven or disproven

hard for people to agree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Six Americas

A 
18% Alarmed
33% Concerned
19% Cautious
12% Disengaged
11% Doubtful
7% Dismissive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is science the controversy?

A

No, the differences are much deeper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is science alone the solution?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Systems thinking

A

study of how an object interacts with other objects within a system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Components of systems

A
  • variables
  • parameters
  • feedbacks
  • drivers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Variable

A

structural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parameters

A

processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Feedbacks

A

specific processes that change how variables interact with one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Social-ecological systems

A

natural systems coupled with human systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Importance of social-ecological systems

A

make up earth systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Social-ecological system human impacts

A
  • greenhouse gas emissions
  • ocean acidification
  • land degradation and fragmentation
  • deadzones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ecological organization

A

organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere, earth system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Social organization

A

group organization like a club or organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cultural theory

A
  • four perceptions of how humans perceive and interpret reality
  • fatalist
  • hierarchist
  • individualist
  • egalitarian
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cultural theory value

A

one world, multiple realities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ecosystem services

A

benefits that humans derive from ecosystems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Ecosystem services essential to humans

A
  • provisioning services
  • supporting services
  • cultural services
  • regulating services
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Provisioning services

A
  • ecosystem goods consumed by society
  • food production
  • water
  • wood and fiber
  • fuel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Goal of payment for ecosystem services

A

to provide economic justification for conservation; influence politicians and other decision makers to optimize the value of alternative land uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of payment for ecosystem services

A

prioritizing human needs is especially limited
environmental limits difficult to identify
services are valued by market forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Stated preference valuation methods

A
  • contingent valuation

- contingent choice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Revealed preference valuation methods

A
  • travel costs

- hedonic pricing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Human well-being

A
  • reference to quality of human life both physically and psychologically.
  • 2 broad categories:
    • emotional well-being
    • life evaluation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

GDP

A
  • Gross domestic product

- market value of all official goods and services produced in a country per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

GDP indices

A

Stand of living: availability of wealth, comfort, and material goods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

QOL indices

A

general well-being of individuals and societies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is a provisioning service?

A
  • lumber production

- livestock production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How are provisioning services valued?

A

stated preference methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Limits of scientific knowledge

A
  • often narrow in scope and application
  • often has limited policy relevance
  • devoid of human value
  • science can inform scenarios and outcomes, but it is insufficient to prioritize them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Values of scientific knowledge

A

often high technical and specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Steady state management

A

maximum sustainable yield of few provisioning services by employing command and control management to minimize system variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Resilience based management

A

aspires to guide change to sustain the capacity of human-ecological systems to support human well-being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Disadvantages of steady state management

A
  • emphasis on production efficiency of a few resources to exclusion of others
  • narrow interpretation of sustainability
  • tradeoffs exist between sustainability and maximum resource yield
  • managers overestimate ability to respond to conditions that alter consistent yield
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Value of resilience based management

A
  • anticipate and guide change to benefit society
  • diverse ecosystem services acknowledged
  • sustainability over production
  • human-ecological system framework emphasized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Knowledge conflict on North Concho Watershed

A
  • project expected to increase water yield 3 to 5 fold
  • no increase in water yield occurred, including wet year 2007
  • a decrease in water yield has been observed in some instances
  • professional and scientific knowledge differed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What knowledge appropriate for addressing intensive grazing?

A

experiential: knowledge associated with the application and use of grazing systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the limitations of the ESA regarding sage grouse management?

A
  • regulatory approach may emphasize sage grouse in isolation of their habitat
  • short-term decisions emphasized at expense of long-term benefits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the most complex earth system component?

A

humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Associative processes

A

relies on experience and emotion; rapid and easy

47
Q

Analytical processes

A

uses specific, abstract information; slow and deliberate

48
Q

Attitudes

A

disposition toward an object

49
Q

Norms

A

behavioral regularities where people do the same thing

50
Q

Behaviors

A

specific human actions

51
Q

What is the Leopold land ethic?

A

wanted to change attitude to affect behavior

52
Q

Why was the Leopold land ethic not more successful?

A

there wasn’t a way to change attitudes

53
Q

How can education be made more effective?

A

address both associative and analytic processing

54
Q

What is the goal of environmental justice?

A

shouldn’t have to live in polluted environment based on income and social class

55
Q

Equilibrium ecology

A

one equilibrium site exists

56
Q

Non-equilibrium ecology

A

no equilibrium point exists

57
Q

Multi-equilibrium ecology

A

considered more appropriate - more than one equilibrium state may exist on a site

58
Q

Resilience theory

A

ability of a system to withstand disruptions and maintain integrity and function

59
Q

Resilient social systems

A

adaptive management? and critical learning? are essential components of social resilience

60
Q

Contemporary view of the balance of nature

A

balance of nature ecosystems possess a great capacity for internal regulation to maintain stability

61
Q

Engineering resilience

A

time required for ecosystem recovery following disturbance

62
Q

Ecological resilience

A

degree of disturbance an ecosystem can withstand and maintain integrity

63
Q

Specific resilience

A

resilience of specific variable or parameter to one or a few select drivers

64
Q

General resilience

A

resilience of many variable and parameters to multiple drivers, both those that are known and unknown

65
Q

How are STM organized?

A

-STM: State-and-Transition Models
-3 states diagramed and separated by 2 thresholds
community phases in each state are reversible but thresholds are not reversible

66
Q

Basin of attraction

A
  • ball represents system
  • basin is stability domain
  • ridge defines a threshold
67
Q

Bifurcation model

A
  • back folded curve is 2 systems
  • F1 is point of threshold
  • F2 is point of threshold reversal
  • condition is a slow variable
68
Q

What is the goal of resilience indicators?

A

to monitor the resilience of soils, vegetation and function and indicate when they are at their limit

69
Q

What is the value of adaptive cycles?

A
  • multiple phases
  • rapid growth
  • conservation
  • release
  • reorganization
70
Q

Panarchy

A

group of subsystems that are at different phases of their adaptive cycles

71
Q

Adaptive management

A

systematic approach for improving natural resource management by learning from management outcomes

72
Q

Goals of adaptive management

A

combining the need for management action with a plan for learning

73
Q

Steps of adaptive management

A
  • conceptualize system; vital drivers, relevant stakeholders, management options.
  • develop objectives, select management actions and monitoring procedures.
  • implement management actions and initiate monitoring of outcomes.
  • assess and analyze monitoring data.
  • document learning of system function and modify management as needed.
74
Q

Appropriate conditions for adaptive management

A
  • high controllability

- high uncertainty

75
Q

Adaptive co-management

A

process by which institutional arrangements and ecological knowledge are tested and revised in an iterative self-organized process of learning by doing

76
Q

Single loop learning

A

managers adjust practices to improve outcomes, but not models or strategies

77
Q

Double loop learning

A

managers question traditional models, knowledge and strategies

78
Q

Debate

A

latin “to beat down”

79
Q

Dialogue

A

latin “flowing through”

80
Q

Traditional learning

A
  • learning unit: single event
  • knowledge content: pre-existing
  • knowledge status: expert-evaluated
  • sources of knowledge: leaders in the field
  • organizer’s role: managers
  • process: analysis and debate
  • key goal: efficient, productive
81
Q

Open learning

A
  • learning unit: cumulative process
  • knowledge content: emerging during events
  • knowledge status: group-generated
  • sources of knowledge: exploring potential
  • organizer’s role: facilitators
  • process: synthesis and dialogue
  • key goal: responsive, productive
82
Q

Vulnerability

A

risk of harm owing to exposure and sensitivity to a specified hazard or stressors

83
Q

Components of vulnerability

A
  • exposure
  • sensitivity
  • adaptive capacity
84
Q

Adaptation

A

social, economic or cultural adjustment to change to minimize harm

85
Q

Transformation

A

major change in SES that creates a new system with different livelihoods

86
Q

Resilience

A

degree of disturbance (change) an ecosystem can withstand and maintain integrity

87
Q

Vulnerability of Galveston Island example

A
  • increase damage from storm surge and flooding
  • subsidence
  • coastal erosion
  • dune/wetland destruction
  • sea level rise & storm intensity
88
Q

No-regrets adaptation

A

justified without emphasis on pending climate change

89
Q

Planned adaptation

A

adaptations implemented prior to detection of climate-induced change

90
Q

Adaptive capacity

A

attribute that creates opportunities for learning and experimentation to promote resilient livelihoods in SES

91
Q

Adaptation deficit

A

limited adaptation to current environmental variation and hazards

92
Q

When is transformation needed?

A

when incremental adaptation is no longer a successful strategy

93
Q

Case examples of when transformation is needed

A
  • Zimbabwe cattle ranching

- Texas high plains water shortage

94
Q

Texas Water Plan

A
  • Texas high plains
  • most shallow, but lowest volume
  • recharge marginal - playa lakes
  • rapid depletion since 2000; 3 to 5 feet per year
  • 300 feet decline since 1950
  • some areas depleted by 2030
  • cost of pumping water prohibitive
95
Q

Natural resource harvest

A

shared by many

96
Q

Environmental governance systems

A
  • common property governance.

- tragedy of the commons has been averted without privatization or government regulation

97
Q

Consequences of tragedy of commons

A

degradation has occurred

98
Q

Accuracy of tragedy of commons

A

fairly accurate

99
Q

Consequences of rational choice theory

A

rational decisions are made on selfish motives

100
Q

What is common property governance?

A
  • Maine lobster fishery

- forest protection India

101
Q

Private resources

A

when resource is in use it can not be used by someone else; easily excluded

102
Q

Public resources

A

can be used by everyone; very difficult to exclude anyone

103
Q

Club resources

A

access restricted to members; multiple members can consume same good

104
Q

Common pool resources

A

resources from which it is difficult to exclude users; units removed by one user are not available to others

105
Q

Excludability

A

ability to restrict resource users

106
Q

Subtractability

A

extent to which one user reduces access by other users

107
Q

Institutions

A
  • prescriptions used to organize repetitive and structured interactions
  • presented as rules, regulations or norms
  • goal is to increase predictability of interaction and efficiency of social function
108
Q

Government

A

institutional base of power and authority that operates within a constitutional and legislative framework in the public interest

109
Q

Governance

A

regulatory process, mechanisms and organizations through which political actors influence environmental actions and outcomes

110
Q

Outcome of Denton fracking ban

A
  • banned fracking
  • forced to repeal ban
  • suit against Denton dropped
  • Denton moratorium restated to ban fracking
111
Q

Supporting services

A
  • processes controlling the structure and function of ecosystems
  • nutrient cycling
  • soil formation
  • primary production
  • habitat provision
112
Q

Cultural services

A
  • social forces influencing human-nature relationships
  • spiritual
  • aesthetic
  • educational
  • recreational
113
Q

Regulating services

A
  • influence processes beyond the ecosystem of origin
  • climate regulation
  • flood regulation
  • water purification
114
Q

Anticipatory adaptation

A

adaptations planned, but not implemented until climate change detected

ESSM 318-500 David Briske (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions