Final Exam Flashcards
Which 9 states have nuclear capabilities?
US, Russia, China, UK, France, Israel, India, Pakistan, NK
What % of the world’s nuclear weapons do Russia and the US share?
90%
What % of a country’s national GDP do they spend on military?
1-3.5%
What are some of the benefits of maintaining a military?
Security (immediate defense), creation of jobs, resource of professionally trained individuals.
What is the US military budget?
739.3 billion
What is the biggest issue with maintaining a military?
Civil-military relations, the distribution of authority between civilian and military leadership. Security dilemma
What country has been hailed as a success in terms of civil-military relations?
Tanzania
What are the three elements of power?
Economic Capabilities, Military Power and Political Will.
What was the motivating factor behind the 9/11 attacks?
Osama bin Laden’s belief that the US had no stomach for casualties and this would cause them to withdraw from the Middle East. (Ex: Beirut withdrawal of troups, Black Hawk Down incident in Somalia.)
What is the greatest test of a state’s security?
War.
Why are International Wars typically fought?
Either to gain or protect territory or resources against existing or nascent threats or to spread or reject ideology or religion.
Why are wars less prevalent?
Wars do not pay. They are no longer about conquest.
What are the implications of interstate wars?
- The conquest only affects one nation. 2. The means by which the war will be fought is very different. More complex and messier, low-tech affairs.
What four conditions over-ride the principle of sovereignty?
- The government requests assistance. 2. If the conflict has concluded and both parties request assistance in maintaining the peace. 3. If the state has failed and the conflict must be contained in the interests of the affected population and neighbouring states. 4. If the government’s mistreatment of its population is so egregious that it cannot be considered a legitimate government and morality dictates that external powers intervene on behalf of the victimized citizenry.
What are the four US security strategies embarked upon by Barack Obama?
- Offshore balancing and a reliance on standoff technologies. 2. Focusing on either balance and containment or actively engaging. 3. Smart Power. 4. Nuclear disarmament by negotiating a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) and working towards nuclear zero.
What are the two main criticisms of offshore balancing?
- It keeps competition local rather than global, not reducing competition overall. 2. Americans use their great wealth and military advantage to buy international influence without having to risk American troops’ lives.
Which two statesmen explained, “regardless of one’s vision of the ultimate future of nuclear weapons, the overarching goal of contemporary U.S. nuclear policy must be to ensure that nuclear weapons are never used.”?
Henry Kissinger and Brent Scowcroft.
What are China’s three transcendences?
Sustainable industrialization, more democratic society, and eschewing global domination (hegemony).
Who has the largest military in the world?
China.
Who’s instability has been one of the most persistent problems on the continent?
Somalia
What was one of Al Qaeda’s successes?
Branding Terrorism
Which two organizations reflect the new transnational strategy?
AQIM and AQAP
Which countries do the terrorists despise the most?
US, Israel and Western Europe
What are the perfect asymmetric technology?
IEDs
Which three countries have yet to use armed UAVs?
US, GB and Israel.
Who observed that technology is just an instrument of and a reflection of power and one amoung many factors that will determine a conflict’s outcome?
Martin Van Creveld.
Who said, “If you want peace, understand war.”?
Hart
Who said, “The strong do what they want, the weak do what they must.”?
Thucydides
Who wrote “The End of History” and believes that every state wants to become like the US and believes that every state wants Democracy?
Francis Fukuyama
Who said, “War is the continuation of politics by other means.” and “An act of force intended to compel our opponents to fulfill our will.” about war?
Clausewitz
What is Power-transition Theory?
As a gap of power narrows between rival states, war is likely to break out because both believe they are likely to win.
Who said, “War made the state so the state could make war.”?
Charles Tilly
Who said, “War is organized violence carried on by political units against each other.”?
Hedley Bull
What three points did the Treaty of Westphalia 1648 outline?
Territorialty
Autonomy
Sovereignty
What two points did Mikael Gorbachev enforce?
Perestroika - open economy
Glasnost - open press and communication
What is Democratic Peace Theory?
It is the theory that Democracies don’t go to war with each other. It was introduced by Michael Doyle.
What are the main points of Jus ad Bellum - The right to go to war?
Just cause Comparative justice Legitimate Authority Right intention Probability of success Last resort
What are the main points of Jus in Bello - The right conduct in war?
Distinction
Proportionality
Military necessity
Who said, “Anarchy is what the state makes of it.”?
Alexander Wendt
Who defined the state as a, “Monopoly of force within a given territory.”?
Max Weber
Who said, “Farther, faster, deeper, cheaper.” In reference to Globalization?
Thomas Friedman
What are the Grounds for Overriding Sovereignty?
Self-defense
Humanitarian Intervention
Civil War
Which 5 states have permanent seats on the UN security council?
US, Russia, China, Britain, France
What are the primary sea routes for trade, travel, and navy?
Sea Lines of Communication (SLOC)
Who promoted the idea of power projection, deterrence, forward presence, maritime security and sea control?
Geoffrey Till in his book “Seapower: A Guide for the 21st Century”.
Who wrote “The Influence of Sea Power on History” and promotes absolute good on the seas?
Alfred Thayer Mahan
Who wrote “Some Principles of Maritime Security” and supported the relative good on the command of the seas?
Sir Julien Corbett
What are the three important historical periods of IGOs?
The Concert of Europe in 1814, WWI, and WWII
What was the period of creation and uncertainty for IGOs?
End of WWII, beginning of Cold War period.
What was the period of transformation for IGOs?
End of the Cold War.
How many judges work in the International Court of Justice and for how long?
15 judges for 9 year terms.
What specialized UN agency attempts to improve literacy rates in the developing world?
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
What was the original purpose of the Bretton Woods System?
To reconstruct Europe
What did GATT turn into after the Uruguay Round in 1994?
The World Trade Organization (WTO)
What has given IGOs new life?
Globalization
What do NGOs get their power from?
Ideas.
Why is there an increase in the number of NGOs?
Open societies, open technology, and open economy.
What three ways is comparative advantage best defined in?
Territory, Population, and Trade
What is the, “total value of goods and services produced within a country + income it receives from other countries - payments you make to other countries =?
Gross National Income (GNI)
What are three types of protectionism?
Trade barriers, Tariffs and Subsidies.
Who popularized the idea of the “invisible hand”?
Adam Smith
What theory bridges the gap between liberal and realist views?
Hegemonic Stability Theory
What are the three problems caused by Imperialism?
Economic (can’t manage their own economy)
Cultural (lost generation)
Ideological (distrust)
What is the other name for The Core?
The Global North
What is the other name for The Periphery?
The Global South
What is the Washington Consensus?
A 1989 document listing 10 recommendations for developing states.
What is the main concern of MNCs?
Power and Influence growing
What % of US infrastructure is privately owned?
90%
What are two examples of nation-states?
North Korea and Iceland.
What is the least and most failed state?
Least - Finland
Most - Sudan
What two worldviews were created in response to realism?
Liberalism and Idealism.
Who wrote the “Clash of Civilizations” and espouses the belief that the wars of the future will take place, not between states, but between civilizations?
Samuel Huntington
What is the future generation of WMDs?
Biotechnology and nanotechnology
What is the origin of the word “terrorism”?
“Terreur” from the French Revolution. The secular state performing the Reign of Terror.
When was the beginning of “Modern Terrorism”?
1968
Who brought about the idea of “people’s will”?
Narodynaya Volya
Anarchists creation of manuals were called?
“Dynamite Terrorism”
What is Anti-Colonial Terrorism?
You don’t need to win, just avoid defeat. Cause overreaction from government to get populace’s sympathy.
What were the origins of modern and media terrorism?
Black September at the Munich Olympics in 1972.
What is the idea of the Cosmic War?
That religious morality overrides modern day laws.
Whose idea was self-determination?
Wilson
How many nations are recognized?
3,000-5,000.
What are irredentist claims?
The nationalist belief that a territory belonging to another country should be annexed for ethnic or historical reasons.
What are the two political futures outlined by Jihad vs. McWorld by Benjamin R. Barber?
Jihad: Retribalization created by war between cultures (Fragementation)
McWorld: Integration and uniformity tying the world together (Globalization)
What two countries, according to J vs. M, are both globalizing and fragmenting at the same time?
Yugoslavia and India.
What is the one thing both ideas from J vs. M have in common?
Neither offers much hope to citizens looking for practical ways to govern themselves democratically.
What are the four imperatives that make up the dynamic world of McWorld?
Market Imperative
Resource Imperative
Information-Technology Imperative
Ecological Imperative
What is the enemy of the Market Imperative (J vs. M)?
Parochialism, isolation, fractiousness and war.
What group of people idealized autarky (J vs. M)?
The Athenians.
What does scientific progress depend upon and embody(J vs. M)?
Open communication, a common discourse routed in rationality, collaboration, and an easy and regular flow and exchange of information.
Who said that the automobile was, “an ideology on four wheels” (J vs. M)?
George Ball
What will do more to create a global culture than military colonization ever could (J vs. M)?
Cultural software supremacy ex: McDonald’s in Moscow and Coke in China
What does an efficient free market require (J vs. M)?
That consumers be free to vote their values and beliefs on competing political candidates and programs.
What has ecological consciousness meant (J vs. M)?
Greater awareness and greater inequality.
What does the phrase, “The world cannot afford your modernization; ours has rung it dry!” refer to(J vs. M)?
Modernized nations trying to slam the door on developing nations because they are becoming more aware of their own environmental impact.
What is the movement towards McWorld competitive with (J vs. M)?
Forces of global breakdown, national dissolution, and centrifugal corruption or Jihad.
Who are the world’s real actors according to Benjamin R. Barber in J vs. M?
National states and subnational factions in permanent rebellion against uniformity and integration. (rebellious factions and dissenting minorities)
Who wrote “The Revolt of the Masses” and said, “In periods of consolidation, nationalism has a positive value, and is a lofty standard. But in Europe everything is more than consolidate, and nationalism is nothing but a mania…” (J vs. M)?
Ortega y Gasset.
What is the aim of many small-scale wars (J vs. M)?
To implode states and resecure parochial identities: to escape McWorld’s dully insistent imperatives.
What is war defined as by Jihad (J vs. M?
An emblem of identity, an expression of community, an end in itself.
What Jihad’s generic meaning (J vs. M)?
“struggle”
What are the primary political values required by the global market (J vs. M)?
Order and tranquility, and freedom - “free trade,” “free press,” and “free love.”
What has been the result of new democratic experiences being conducted in retribalizing societies (J vs. M)?
Anarchy, repression, persecution, and the coming of new noncommunist forms of very old kinds of despotism.
What is the author’s belief in “Jihad vs. McWorld” about the outcome of McWorld vs Jihad?
Globalization will eventually vanquish retribalization.
What movement is this adage most associated with, “Think globally, act locally” (J vs. M)?
The Green Movement.
What is good about nationalism?
It emphasizes uniqueness, it’s against tyranny, and it allows for diversity.
What is bad about nationalism?
National self-determinism represents destabilization and violence.
What are the origins of nationalism?
- Rejection of the monarchy
2. Growth of cultural nationalism in Europe
What and when was the first peacekeeping mission?
The Suez Canal in 1956
What was peacekeeping like post WWI?
Optimism was high with the creation of the UN.
What was peacekeeping like post Cold War?
Optimism was high and the US then began to redirect resources to the war on terror.
What did the 1996 UN Food Summit resolve to?
Reduce the % of the hungry population by 50% by 2015.
What is the Precautionary Principle?
That we should do the thing even if there is the slightest possible of it being true, even without scientific proof. “First, Do No Harm.”
What is the ICC?
The International Criminal Court established in 1998 enforced in 2002.
What are some sources of international law?
Treaties and Customary Practices.
What is the Law of Nations?
A body of rules, that binds states and agents together in world politics.
What is Civil Nationalism?
Another term for Liberal Nationalism. Trying to create commonality artificially.
What is Primordial Nationalism?
Another term for Ethnic Nationalism. Things are just fine the way they are.
What country is used as an example of deforestation?
Madagascar
What % of coastal forests have been destroyed?
80-90%
What resource causes the most conflict?
Fresh water
What protocol was seen as the “most successful international agreement to date”? And why?
1987 Montreal Protocol and because there was an open communication between the government and people.
What was the Bruntland Commission?
A call from the UN for nations to follow “sustainable development” practices.
What was the Rio Earth Summit?
It introduced “Agenda 21”, a non-binding, voluntary framework for sustainable development at local, national, and regional levels. FAILURE.
What is seen as the existential “tragedy” of human kind?
Climate Change
What are some examples of “attempts” to deal with climate change?
1992 UN Framework Convention on Global Climate Change, 1997 Kyoto Protocol, 2009 Copenhagen Accord.
What is “Silent Spring”?
Rachel Carson’s touted environmental event that showed the emergence of climate change in 1962.
What are two organizations that work towards conserving resources and wild life?
National Parks Services and 1946 International Whaling Commission.
What is the “Tragedy of the Commons”?
That in areas not owned by anyone, people are more likely to exploit the resources.
What are some of the effects of exploitation?
Deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, energy, mining over fishing.
What is the single largest source of CO2?
Sulfur dioxide and Acid rain, 45%.
Which renewable resource does the phrase, “Not In My Backyard” (NIMBY), refer to?
Wind power.
What is ESDP and why was it created?
It emphasizes humanitarian missions and it was created in response to 9/11 and the lack of US involvement in peacekeeping.
How is international law different from domestic law?
- It lacks an international sovereignty possessing monopoly on coercive force.
- Lacks a global legislature.
- Based on consent, no real method of enforcement.
What steps should you take when managing an ethnic conflict?
- Stop the conflict.
- Ensure that it does not happen again.
- Make laws.
When are you eligible for self-determination?
If you are an “oppressed group ruled by colonial or racist powers”.
What is the main difference between peacekeeping and peacemaking?
Whether the fighting has stopped or not, and whether you are neutral or not.
Who invented peacekeeping?
Lester B. Pearson
