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Biology 1022 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of echinodermata

A
  1. Deuterostome development (mouth doesn’t develop from blastopore)
  2. Endoskeleton
  3. Echinoderm
  4. Pentaradial Symmetry
  5. Water-vascular system
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2
Q

Endoskeleton of echinodermata

A

Formed from CaCO3 plates called ossicles

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3
Q

Echinoderm of echinodermata

A

Spiny skin shaped by endoskeleton

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4
Q

The larval form of an echinoderm is…

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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5
Q

Water-Vascular system of echinoderm

A

Aids in movement or feeding, and is formed from a central ring and radial canals that stretch into the branches of the body

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6
Q

What is the name of the cavity through which water enters the Water-Vascular system of an echinoderm?

A

Madreporite

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7
Q

How old are Echinoderms?

A

~600 MY

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8
Q

How do echinoderms reproduce?

A
  1. asexually through regenerative capabilites

2. gonochorically through releasing gametes into water

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9
Q

What are the five extant classes of the echinodermata?

A
  1. Asteroidea (sea stars)
  2. Crinoidea
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)
  4. Holothuroidea
  5. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
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10
Q

Echinoidea

A

Lack arms and preserve well

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11
Q

Ophiuroidea

A 
Largest class of echinodermata
No anus
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12
Q

Chordates Characteristics

A
  1. Deuterostome coelomates
  2. Hollow nerve cord on dorsal side
  3. Notochord below nerve cord during development
  4. Pharyngeal slits or pouches
  5. Postanal tail
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13
Q

What are the three subphyla of the phylum chordata?

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Verebrata
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14
Q

Urochordata

A

TUNICATES
Immobile adults, with no symmetry or body cavity. These creatures are often colonial, have a pharynx lined with cilia, and enclose themselves in a tunic made of cellulose.

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15
Q

Cephalochordata

A

LANCELETS
Very small, these creatures’ muscles are organized into myomeres. They show a huge number of pharyngeal slits, lack pigment, and feed on plankton using cilia. They spend most of their time partly buried.

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16
Q

Vertebrata

A
  1. Vertebral Column
  2. Head
  3. Neural Crest (embryonic)
  4. Internal organs with closed circulatory system
  5. Endoskeleton
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17
Q

How long ago did vertebrates evolve?

A

545 MYA (in ocean during cambrian)

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18
Q

Which vertebrates were the first to invade land?

A

Amphibians

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19
Q

What five characteristics do fish exhibit?

A
  1. Vertebral column w/ cartilaginous skull
  2. Jaws/paired appendages
  3. Internal gills
  4. Single-loop blood circulation
  5. Nutritional deficiencies (unable to synthesize aromatic AA)
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20
Q

What did jaws rise from?

A

Set of arches meant to hold pharyngeal slits open

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21
Q

What class developed teeth first?

A

Chrondricthyes. Rose from rough scales on skin.

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22
Q

What sensory system do bony fishes use?

A

Lateral line system - requires movement

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23
Q

How do sharks reproduce?

A

Internally

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24
Q

Bony fishes evolved differently from the class chrondrichthyes in that they…

A
  • Gained speed through heavier bones
  • Developed a swim bladder
  • Developed an operculum to cover their gills
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25
Q

Bony fishes developed into what two groups?

A

Actinopterygii (musclelesss fins) and Sarcopterygii (muscled fins)

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26
Q

How long ago did amphibians arise?

A

~360 MYA

27
Q

What five features distinguish ampibians from fish?

A
  • Legs
  • Lungs
  • Cutaneous Resp
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Partially chambered heart
28
Q

What are the three orders of amphibians?

A
  1. Anura (frogs/toads)
  2. Caudata (salamanders)
  3. Apoda (caecilians)
29
Q

Caudata utilize what reproduction?

A

Internal fert

30
Q

What three characteristics do reptiles exhibit?

A
  1. Amniotic eggs that do not have to be laid in water
  2. Dry skin covered in scales
  3. Thoracic breathing
31
Q

What are the four membranes of an amniotic egg?

A
  1. Chorion
  2. Amnion
  3. Yolk (food)
    4 Allantois (waste)
32
Q

What are the two main groups of reptiles that dominated the earth?

A
  1. Synapsids

2. Diaspids (ectothermic, double the temporal holes)

33
Q

Diaspids gave rise to..

A

crocs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and birds

34
Q

Reptiles practice ____________ fertilization because…

A

Internal; sperm can’t go through the shell

35
Q

All living reptiles are…

A

ectothermic (obtain heat from outer sources)

36
Q

What are the four extant groups of reptiles?

A
  1. Chelonia (turtles/tortoises)
  2. Rhychocephalia (tuataras)
  3. Squamata (lizards/snakes)
  4. Crocodylia
37
Q

Chelonia

A
  • Sharp, toothless beak

- Protective shell (carapace is dorsal)

38
Q

Rhychocephalia

A
  • Endangered lizard things

- Third (parietal) eye

39
Q

Squamata

A

-Paired male copulatory organs

40
Q

What two characteristics separate birds from reptiles?

A
  • Feathers (modified scales)

- Flight skeleton (thin/hollow)

41
Q

Feathers

A

Vane with branches called barbs that have barbules with hooks

42
Q

How long ago did birds arise?

A

~150 MYA (acrhaeopteryx)

43
Q

How do birds breathe?

A

Quickly through their bones

44
Q

Are bones endothermic or ectothermic?

A

Endothermic

45
Q

Characteristics of Mammals

A
  • Hair
  • Mammary glands that secrete milk
  • Endothermic temp reg
  • Placenta to close bloodstream gap
46
Q

How do mammals break down cellulose?

A

Bacteria

47
Q

Mammals diverged how long ago?

A

~220 MYA

48
Q

What were the original mammals?

A

Prototherians, which were small and shrew like. They laid eggs.

49
Q

What mammals dominate today?

A

Theria

50
Q

Theria

A

Viviparous, and divided into monotremes, placentals, and marsupials

51
Q

Primates developed what two features?

A
  1. Grasping fingers/toes

2. Binocular vision

52
Q

The earliest primates split into what two groups?

A
  1. Prosmians (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers)

2. Anthropoids (monkeys/apes/humans)

53
Q

Anthropoids

A
  • Dinural
  • Expanded brain
  • Two lineages: old world monkeys/hominoids
54
Q

Hominoids include…

A

Apes and the hominids

55
Q

What are some examples of living apes?

A

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees

56
Q

What were the major groups of hominids composed of?

A

Three to seven species of Homo and seven species of the older Australopithecus

57
Q

Australopithecus

A

Looked hominid, but with the brain of apes. Developed bipedalism.

58
Q

How long ago did the first humans (genus Homo) evolve from australopithecines?

A

2 MYA from afarensis

59
Q

Which Homo species was the first to use tools?

A

Homo habilis

60
Q

Homo erectus

A

Spread quickly, living in tribes. Used fire and hunted large animals. Survived over 1 MY

61
Q

Homo floresiensis

A

Newest discovery (2004) nicknamed The Hobbit

62
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

Made diverse tools, buried their dead, and were replaced by homo sapiens

63
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Cousin to neanderthals, frequently called cro-magnons. Complex social organization and full language capabilities. Cave painted.

Biology 1022 (1 decks)

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