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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of echinodermata

A
  1. Deuterostome development (mouth doesn’t develop from blastopore)
  2. Endoskeleton
  3. Echinoderm
  4. Pentaradial Symmetry
  5. Water-vascular system
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2
Q

Endoskeleton of echinodermata

A

Formed from CaCO3 plates called ossicles

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3
Q

Echinoderm of echinodermata

A

Spiny skin shaped by endoskeleton

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4
Q

The larval form of an echinoderm is…

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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5
Q

Water-Vascular system of echinoderm

A

Aids in movement or feeding, and is formed from a central ring and radial canals that stretch into the branches of the body

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6
Q

What is the name of the cavity through which water enters the Water-Vascular system of an echinoderm?

A

Madreporite

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7
Q

How old are Echinoderms?

A

~600 MY

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8
Q

How do echinoderms reproduce?

A
  1. asexually through regenerative capabilites

2. gonochorically through releasing gametes into water

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9
Q

What are the five extant classes of the echinodermata?

A
  1. Asteroidea (sea stars)
  2. Crinoidea
  3. Echinoidea (sea urchins/sand dollars)
  4. Holothuroidea
  5. Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
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10
Q

Echinoidea

A

Lack arms and preserve well

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11
Q

Ophiuroidea

A 
Largest class of echinodermata
No anus
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12
Q

Chordates Characteristics

A
  1. Deuterostome coelomates
  2. Hollow nerve cord on dorsal side
  3. Notochord below nerve cord during development
  4. Pharyngeal slits or pouches
  5. Postanal tail
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13
Q

What are the three subphyla of the phylum chordata?

A
  1. Urochordata
  2. Cephalochordata
  3. Verebrata
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14
Q

Urochordata

A

TUNICATES
Immobile adults, with no symmetry or body cavity. These creatures are often colonial, have a pharynx lined with cilia, and enclose themselves in a tunic made of cellulose.

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15
Q

Cephalochordata

A

LANCELETS
Very small, these creatures’ muscles are organized into myomeres. They show a huge number of pharyngeal slits, lack pigment, and feed on plankton using cilia. They spend most of their time partly buried.

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16
Q

Vertebrata

A
  1. Vertebral Column
  2. Head
  3. Neural Crest (embryonic)
  4. Internal organs with closed circulatory system
  5. Endoskeleton
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17
Q

How long ago did vertebrates evolve?

A

545 MYA (in ocean during cambrian)

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18
Q

Which vertebrates were the first to invade land?

A

Amphibians

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19
Q

What five characteristics do fish exhibit?

A
  1. Vertebral column w/ cartilaginous skull
  2. Jaws/paired appendages
  3. Internal gills
  4. Single-loop blood circulation
  5. Nutritional deficiencies (unable to synthesize aromatic AA)
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20
Q

What did jaws rise from?

A

Set of arches meant to hold pharyngeal slits open

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21
Q

What class developed teeth first?

A

Chrondricthyes. Rose from rough scales on skin.

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22
Q

What sensory system do bony fishes use?

A

Lateral line system - requires movement

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23
Q

How do sharks reproduce?

A

Internally

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24
Q

Bony fishes evolved differently from the class chrondrichthyes in that they…

A
  • Gained speed through heavier bones
  • Developed a swim bladder
  • Developed an operculum to cover their gills
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25
Bony fishes developed into what two groups?
Actinopterygii (musclelesss fins) and Sarcopterygii (muscled fins)
26
How long ago did amphibians arise?
~360 MYA
27
What five features distinguish ampibians from fish?
- Legs - Lungs - Cutaneous Resp - Pulmonary veins - Partially chambered heart
28
What are the three orders of amphibians?
1. Anura (frogs/toads) 2. Caudata (salamanders) 3. Apoda (caecilians)
29
Caudata utilize what reproduction?
Internal fert
30
What three characteristics do reptiles exhibit?
1. Amniotic eggs that do not have to be laid in water 2. Dry skin covered in scales 3. Thoracic breathing
31
What are the four membranes of an amniotic egg?
1. Chorion 2. Amnion 3. Yolk (food) 4 Allantois (waste)
32
What are the two main groups of reptiles that dominated the earth?
1. Synapsids | 2. Diaspids (ectothermic, double the temporal holes)
33
Diaspids gave rise to..
crocs, pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and birds
34
Reptiles practice ____________ fertilization because...
Internal; sperm can't go through the shell
35
All living reptiles are...
ectothermic (obtain heat from outer sources)
36
What are the four extant groups of reptiles?
1. Chelonia (turtles/tortoises) 2. Rhychocephalia (tuataras) 3. Squamata (lizards/snakes) 4. Crocodylia
37
Chelonia
- Sharp, toothless beak | - Protective shell (carapace is dorsal)
38
Rhychocephalia
- Endangered lizard things | - Third (parietal) eye
39
Squamata
-Paired male copulatory organs
40
What two characteristics separate birds from reptiles?
- Feathers (modified scales) | - Flight skeleton (thin/hollow)
41
Feathers
Vane with branches called barbs that have barbules with hooks
42
How long ago did birds arise?
~150 MYA (acrhaeopteryx)
43
How do birds breathe?
Quickly through their bones
44
Are bones endothermic or ectothermic?
Endothermic
45
Characteristics of Mammals
- Hair - Mammary glands that secrete milk - Endothermic temp reg - Placenta to close bloodstream gap
46
How do mammals break down cellulose?
Bacteria
47
Mammals diverged how long ago?
~220 MYA
48
What were the original mammals?
Prototherians, which were small and shrew like. They laid eggs.
49
What mammals dominate today?
Theria
50
Theria
Viviparous, and divided into monotremes, placentals, and marsupials
51
Primates developed what two features?
1. Grasping fingers/toes | 2. Binocular vision
52
The earliest primates split into what two groups?
1. Prosmians (lemurs, lorises, tarsiers) | 2. Anthropoids (monkeys/apes/humans)
53
Anthropoids
- Dinural - Expanded brain - Two lineages: old world monkeys/hominoids
54
Hominoids include...
Apes and the hominids
55
What are some examples of living apes?
gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees
56
What were the major groups of hominids composed of?
Three to seven species of Homo and seven species of the older Australopithecus
57
Australopithecus
Looked hominid, but with the brain of apes. Developed bipedalism.
58
How long ago did the first humans (genus Homo) evolve from australopithecines?
2 MYA from afarensis
59
Which Homo species was the first to use tools?
Homo habilis
60
Homo erectus
Spread quickly, living in tribes. Used fire and hunted large animals. Survived over 1 MY
61
Homo floresiensis
Newest discovery (2004) nicknamed The Hobbit
62
Homo neanderthalensis
Made diverse tools, buried their dead, and were replaced by homo sapiens
63
Homo sapiens
Cousin to neanderthals, frequently called cro-magnons. Complex social organization and full language capabilities. Cave painted.

Biology 1022 (1 decks)

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