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Mental Health and Addictions > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

History of Cocaine: Who First used it

A

Andean regions of Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Argentina, and Peru.

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2
Q

Spanish Attitude towards cocaine

A

–The religious use of the drug was inconsistent with Catholicism.
–The Spanish ultimately controlled the Incas’ access to the coca leaf.
•It became a form of payment.

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3
Q

How did cocaine get to Europe

A

European naturalists began to explore Peru and experiment with coca

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4
Q

Freud and cocaine

A

–He believed he had come upon a miracle drug.
–He advocated cocaine as a local anesthetic and as a treatment for depression, asthma, and other problems.
–He also thought cocaine was an aphrodisiac.

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5
Q

Medical uses for cocaine now

A

•Cocaine was prescribed by physicians as a topical medication.
•It became an application for eye surgery and
dental work.

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6
Q

Coca cola

A

Dr. John Stith Pemberton
•He invented Coca-Cola.
–It was advertised as containing the “tonic and nerve stimulant properties of the coca plant.”

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7
Q

Mariani

A

French chemist
•He used an extract from coca leaves in various patented products to cure common ailments.
-His most famous marketing of cocaine was sold as a popular wine: Mariani’s Coca Wine

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8
Q

History of cocaine restriction in Canada

A
  • Opium and Other Drugs Act in Canada; 1911
  • Opium and Narcotic Drug Act; 1929
  • The main drug policy for the next 40 years
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9
Q

Attitude towards cocaine in 70’s

A
  • Cocaine began to re-emerge in the 1970’s but it was fairly difficult to obtain and it was expensive
  • Earned a reputation as the “champagne” of stimulants
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10
Q

Legal status of cocaine today

A

-Today Cocaine is a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act

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11
Q

Crack - how it’s made

A

•A freebase cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water.
–The solution is heated, resulting in brittle sheets of cocaine that are “cracked” into smokable chunks or “rocks.”

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12
Q

History of amphetamines

A

-Use of cocaine in Canada declined during the years after the Opium and Other Drugs Act was enacted but new stimulants soon entered the scene: The Amphetamines (ATSs)
• -ATSs are a class of drugs first synthesized in the late 19th century that include: amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, and methamphetamine.
• -The first medical applications were developed in the 1920s and were patented in 1932.

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13
Q

Effects of long term use of stimulants

A

Stimulant Psychosis

-Paranoid delusions and disorientation resembling the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.

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14
Q

What are stimulant drugs used for medically today

A

-Treatment of ADHD (Ritalin)

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15
Q

Why meth production is problematic

A
  • The chemicals used to produce meth are highly flammable
  • The process requires the ingredients to be heated.
  • A significant risk of explosion and fire exists.
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16
Q

Effects of Stimulants

A
  • heart rate is up
  • blood pressure is up
  • respiratory rate is up
  • and sweating increases
  • blood flow decreases to the internal organs and extremities but increases to the large muscle groups and the brain
  • body temperature is elevated and pupils dilated
  • appetite suppressant
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17
Q

Stimulant withdrawl

A

-The primary symptoms are depression, anxiety, changes in appetite, sleeping disturbances, and craving for the drug.

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18
Q

Cannabis and what it’s used for medically

A
  • Used in the Middle Stone Age
  • 2800 BCE earliest known
  • Used for sedation, treating pain and illness, countering the influences of evil spirits
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19
Q

How long cannabis was used in western countries

A
  • 19th century

- 1840-1900 used medically in North America

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20
Q

what hemp is used for

A
  • Staple crop

- Government’s first subsidized agricultural crop (abandoned for cotton)

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21
Q

why medical use of cannabis declined

A
  • Inconsistent potency levels
  • Increased use of opiates
  • Development of other drugs (Aspirin)
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22
Q

growth of recreational cannabis use

A
  • Began to grow in the 1920s along with public concern

- Canada did not use recreationally until mid 20th century

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23
Q

Country with highest usage rate of cannabis use

A

-2007 Canada (4x higher than the global rate of use)

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24
Q

what a vapourizer is and how it works

A
  • Most efficient and healthy way of gaining the most levels of THC
  • Marijuana is heated, hot vapor rises (THC), vapor is inhaled
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25
Q

Where does cannabis act in the body

A

-Psychotropic Effects (brain)

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26
Q

How THC is stored

A
  • THC is carried through the bloodstream and deposited through the organs
  • THC is the metabolized to less active products over time (Happens primarily in the liver)
  • Metabolites are slowly excreted through the feces and urine
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27
Q

Physiological effects of cannabis

A

Acute Effects
- Bloodshot eyes, dilation of pupil, increase in heart rate, decrease in motor activity
Behavioural Effects
- Generalized decrease in psychomotor activity (dose-related), relaxation, excitement and restlessness
Cognitive Effects
- Impaired short-term memory, perception that time is passing by slowly
Emotional Effects
- Positive emotional changes (happy, excited, carefree), Some negative feelings (anxiety increased)
Social and Environmental Effects
- The role of marijuana in enhancing interpersonal skills
- The effects of cannabis on aggression and violence
- The role of marijuana in “amotivational syndrome”

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28
Q

what amotivational syndrome is

A
  • Loss of effectiveness and reduced capacity to accomplish conventional goals
  • Result of CHRONIC use
29
Q

why cannabis use was prohibited

A

.

30
Q

what current medical uses of cannabis are

A
  • Nausea and vomiting, cachexia, glaucoma, more…
31
Q

how alcohol is produced by yeast

A

Fermentation

  • Sugar is dissolved into water and exposed to air (creating the perfect environment for yeast)
  • Yeasts multiply by eating the sugar, which is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide
  • As the yeasts grow, so does the % of ethanol (as much as 10-15%; 15% is the highest amount before yeasts stops its work)
  • Fermented beverages cannot have more than 15% alcohol content
32
Q

what kind of alcohol is drinkable

A
  • Ethanol

- Beer (grain fermented), wine (grapes fermented), hard liquor

33
Q

Distilled vs not distilled

A
  • Developed to increase the amount of ethanol of fermented beverages (heating a fermented mixture and condensing the vapour increases its alcohol content)
34
Q

Aqua Vita

A

Water of life

35
Q

Concerns around young people drinking patterns

A

Both Canadian and US surveys show that college/university students drink heavily via binge drinking. Binge drinking is an episode of heavy drinking in a short amount of time and is associated with accidental death, injury, assault, unwanted and unprotected sex, drunk driving, vandalism. suicide and academic problems

36
Q

what is a standard drink

A
  • The alcohol equivalent in a drink of beer, wine, or distilled spirits
  • 0.5 ounces of alcohol
  • 12 ounces of beer, 4 ounces of wine, one ounce of 90- to 100-proof whiskey
37
Q

what LD50 is and stands for

A

Lethal Dose of 50%

38
Q

consequences of chronic alcohol use

A
  • Heart: coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, high blood pressure
  • Gastritis, pancreatitis, various cancers
  • Immune infectious diseases (flu)
    Alcohol and Brain Functioning
  • Wernicke’s Disease (Confusion, loss of memory, inability to focus eyes) + is reversible
  • Korsakoff Syndrome (Damage to brain structure, affects memory)
39
Q

damage that can be done to the liver through alcohol use

A

-The liver is vulnerable to alcohol’s toxic effects
-Alcohol’s damage can cause
–fatty liver
–alcohol hepatitis
–cirrhosis

40
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome FASD chemicals that contribute

A
  • Alcohol consumption of mother > effects on fetus
  • Falls into the class of alcohol teratogens (any chemical or environmental factor that negatively influences the fetus during pregnancy)
41
Q

Alcohol personality

A

-Psychological trait or set of traits that predisposes someone to having -alcohol dependence

42
Q

History of tobacco use

A
  • late 15th century, Columbus/first nations started smoking dried tobacco leaves and after that, it began to get popular all over Europe
  • at first, only wealthy people could afford it but after the 17th century, became affordable to all
43
Q

original uses of tobacco

A
  • applied externally for pain relief
  • introduced into all openings of the head to treat diseases
  • via the mouth for several reasons (smoked to cure lung ailments, drunk in juices or boiled to cure stomach ailments, ashes were rubbed on teeth to clean them)
  • snorted as powder to reach the lungs
  • injected in extremities (inserted into the vagina, tobacco smoke blown into an anal enema)
44
Q

why smokers smoke frequently

A

They need to smoke often to: maintain a nicotine blood level that is NOT below a threshold for the beginning of withdrawal symptoms

45
Q

Intrinsic vs extrinsic

A

extrinsic - being forced by others to quit and save money

intrinsic - fear of getting sick, feeling in control, and proving that quitting is possible

46
Q

why women in early times of coffee use were concerned about men drinking it

A

Women thought that men would:

  • spend too much time outside the house drinking coffee with other male friends
  • would become impotent
47
Q

withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

A

headaches and fatigue

48
Q

good and bad of people drinking coffee

A

Negative: Headaches, Indigestion, tremor, insomnia
Caffeinism- refers to caffeine intoxication (occurs after consuming more than 600 mg in a day)
Positive: improves task performance by decreasing fatigue and increasing alertness, energized, creative, efficient, confident and alert

49
Q

stages of change

A
  1. Precontemplation: people in this stage are not aware of the problem or, if they are, have no interest in change
  2. Contemplation: Contemplators vacillate between the pros and cons of their problem behaviour and between the pros and cons of making changes in it, they are deciding whether to change, but have taken no steps to do so
  3. Preparation: People in this stage are on the edge of taking action to change and may have made a try in the recent past. ( commitment to take action and set goal is need to progress)
  4. Action: People in this stage already are engaged in explicit activities to change
  5. Maintenance: involves continued use of behaviour-change- activities for as long as three years after the action stage began, after this the problem might be considered resolved.
50
Q

Carl Jung his conversations with AA and what his concept of alcoholism was

A

Carl Jung believed that alcohol dependence was a lesser version of man’s desire to be with divinity. As a result he believed that alcoholism could be beaten by becoming spiritual, and move one’s devotion from alcohol to instead (the belief in) a higher being.
Jung wrote a letter to the founder of AA and said “spiritus contra spiritum” or in English: “spirituality counters alcohol”

51
Q

Self help groups

A
  • Major part of the treatment of substance-use disorders.
  • members of peer self-help groups perform therapeutic functions without profession credentials (credentials not needed in performing group functions)
  • through the peer self-help group, participants both give and receive help with their problems
52
Q

AA 12 step program ( not steps)

A

Emrick, lassen and Edwards called AA the prototype self-help group because it is the oldest group established in 1935

  • AA has been the basis for the development of other self-help movements for treatments in other problem areas
  • Bases of AA program are self-help recovery through the twelve steps and group participation
  • 12 step are a guide designed for people to follow largely by themselves on the road to recovery.
  • Two major types are discussion meetings and speakers meetings.
  • In a discussion meeting the chairperson of the group tells his or her personal history of alcoholism and recovery from it and then the meeting is opened for members
  • Speakers meeting a couple of members recite their personal histories of alcoholism
53
Q

Characteristics of alcoholics according to people in AA programs

A
  • Alcoholism is a disease that can best be combated by surrounding oneself with positive social reinforcement
  • Alcoholism is an incurable personality disorder
  • Alcoholics should give up all personal responsibility to God or some higher power that they believe in
54
Q

Models of addiction

A
  • biological (genetic)
  • social/environmental
  • psychological
55
Q

People that have mental illness and substance abuse problems (%)

A

Dual diagnosis

30%

56
Q

Number of people that have mental illness and substance abuse problems

A
  • ¾ of men and ⅔ of women over 65 drink

- ⅔ of people over 65 drink, though most do not develop problems (only exacerbate already existing issues)

57
Q

Alcohol consumption with seniors

A
  • confusion
  • depression
  • disorientation
  • unsteady gait
  • loss of interest in activities
  • social isolation
  • tremors
  • irregular heartbeat
  • poor appetite
  • stomach pains
  • decreased cognitive function
58
Q

Early onset (alcohol problems)

A
  • Cirrhosis (scarring of the liver)
  • Alcohol related dementia
  • Peripheral neuropathy (neurological problems in the extremities)
  • Wernike-Korsakoff syndrome (inability to store long-term memories and confabulate new ones)
  • Pseudo-parkinsonism
59
Q

Signs of alcohol abuse chronic and acute in elders

A

Confusion, Depression, Disorientation, unsteady walking, loss of interest in activities, social isolation, tremors, irregular heartbeat, poor heart beat, stomach complaints, Decreased cognitive functioning

60
Q

things that can happen to chronic drinkers

A
  • Mental (memory loss after drinking/forgetting responsibilities, trouble finishing sentences/concentrating, loss of confidence)
  • Physical (loss of coordination, broad waddle-type of walk, abdominal weight gain, noticeable weight loss, changes in sleep/eating habits, chronic pain and brusing, poorer hygeine habits, poor nutrition, flu-like symptoms, esophageal programs with swallowing, bloodshot eyes, acne rosacea/red rash in the nose and cheek area, poor bladder control, jaundice/yellowing skin)
  • Social (difficulty staying in touch with friends, lack of interest in usual activities, prefer to be alone due to shame, socializes only with drinking buddies)
  • Environmental (mishandled and damaged furniture, difficulty keeping housing/keeping things organized in the house)
61
Q

Dementia and mental illness around seniors

A
  • Dementia is not as common for the elderly as portrayed
  • The elderly are more susceptible for dementia, mental illness and other physiological disorders due to their many medications interacting with each other
62
Q

social symptoms of elder abuse

A
  • difficulty staying in touch with family and friends, lack of interest in usual activity, desire to remain alone much of the time, socializes with only those who drink, person gives up on the things they used to once enjoy
63
Q

mood disorders - effects of chronic alcohol use

A
  • mood disorders: affects depression

- increases suicide risk, self harm, sexual dysfunction

64
Q

How many people that seek alcohol treatments have mood/affective disorders like depression or anxiety

A

80%

65
Q

best way to treat dual diagnosis (program not plan)

A
  • treatment is modified to match client needs since individual needs are different
  • effort is made to build self-esteem and incorporate opportunities of success
  • clients must be made partners in their treatment, not simply patients
  • support is continuous after treatment is finished
  • during the treatment, methods are constantly evaluated and improved upon
66
Q

personality disorders (BPD, Anti-social)

A
  • Borderline personality disorders: mood stability, poor self image, poor interpersonal relationships, suicidal threats, paranoia
  • Antisocial personality disorder: antisocial behavior, academic failure, poor work history, reckless/irresponsible, no drive for intimacy, criminal activity
67
Q

role of medications to treat mental illness

A

psychotropic medications, antipsychotics (typical and atypical), antidepressants (older and newer), & mood stabilizer

68
Q

voluntary and involuntary patients

A
  • involuntary patients typically have mental health issues and do not recognize that they may be a danger to those around them
  • there are procedures that need to be followed in order to proper admit an involuntary patient
  • children are considered voluntary patients once their guardians give permission
69
Q

Recovery from mental illness and substance abuse problem

A

changes back to health in physical, psychological, spiritual, and social functioning. generally believed that its a life long process that requires total abstinence from alcohol and nonprescribed drugs

Mental Health and Addictions (1 decks)

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