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PID > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

subversion of innate immune response (bacteria)

A
  • evasion of antimicrobial peptides
  • impairment of tracheal clearance
  • adhesion and penetration of epithelial barriers
  • evasion of phagocytosis
  • evasion of complement killing
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2
Q

Different ways for bacteria to evade complement killing in innate immune response

A
  1. activate masking substance
  2. apply appropriate inhibitors of activation
  3. cover up target membrane attack complex
  4. inactivate complement chemotaxin c5a
  5. activate surface of plasminogen to plasmin and cleave c3b
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3
Q

subversion of adaptive immunity (bacteria)

A
  • antigenic variation
  • apoptosis or lysis of lymphocytes
  • inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation
  • super antigens
  • effects of cytokine expression
  • subversion of T regulatory cells
  • degradation of immunoglobulins
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4
Q

immune evasion strategy by viruses

A 
immune avoidance: 
-avoid exposure
-location--intracellular; cell-cell spreading
-immunosuppressive viral proteins 
immune escape:
-point mutation
-reassortment
-recombination
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5
Q

immune evasion by parasites

A 
antigenic variation
molecular mimicry
conceal antigen site
intracellular location
immunosuppression
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6
Q

Innate response

A

functions in normal host without prior exposure to invading microbes

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7
Q

adaptive response

A

consists of antibody response (humoral) and lymphocyte (cell-mediated) response
-tailored to particular microbial infection and characterized by memory

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8
Q

adaptive immunity

A

induced by exposure to an antigen, the response is specific for inducing antigens and immunologic memory is generated

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9
Q

innate immunity

A

constitutional factors: genetics, age, metabolic factors, neuroendocrine, environment

natural barriers and normal flora: mechanical (flow of fluid), chemical (sebum, enzymes, lysosome), microbiological (normal flora)

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10
Q

IFN (interferon) system - Antiviral defense

A

animal models
treatment with anti-IFN Ab
defective IFN response
abrogation of IFN-alpha/beta

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11
Q

Cell type involved in defense against microbes

A

phagocytic cells
lymphocytes
Natural Killer cells

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12
Q

phagocytic cells

A

polymorphonuclear neutrophils
mononuclear phagocytes
eosinophils
macrophages

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

  • B cells
  • T cells
A

Antibody producing plasma cells
cell-mediated immune response
help B cells in antibody production

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14
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK)

A

kill other rogue cells in non-specific manner

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15
Q

Distinguishing infected self from uninfected self: innate immune system

A 
pattern recognition receptors
-TLRs 
-RLRs
-Complement
missing/altered self receptors (NK cells)
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16
Q

distinguishing infected self from uninfected self: adaptive immune system

A

antigen presentation (MHC)
antibodies
T cell receptors

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17
Q

Adaptive immunity

-Humoral

A

mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells and plasma cells

  1. Primary
    - first time seeing pathogen
    - utilize IgM
    - weaker response
    - takes time to build
  2. Secondary
    - shorter lag phase
    - greater magnitiude
    - class-switched IgG
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18
Q

Adaptive immunity

-Cell-mediated

A

inside of the cell, memory specific
-mediated by T-cells and cytokines
~CD8+ T cell function as cytotoxic T lymphocyte (MHC I restricted)
~CD4+ TH1 cells and activated macrophages function DTH (macrophages, NK, neutrophil, eosinophils) (MHC II restricted)

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19
Q

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

MHC I : on all nucleated cells, +APCs T cell-mediated toxicity
MHC II : only B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells; T cell-mediated helper

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20
Q

Epitopes

A

Antigen determinants

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21
Q

Paratopes

A

antibodys
BCRs
TCRs

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22
Q

Endogenous Ag

A

intracellular pathogen
synthesized in cytosol and degraded by proteasomes in cytosolic pathway
MHC I

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23
Q

Exogenous Ag

A

processed in endosomes
macrophages engulfs and degrades bacterium, producing peptide
-peptides bound by MHC II then peptides transported by MHC II to surface
–TH1 cell recognizes complex of peptide antigen with MHC II and activate macrophages

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24
Q

Steps of infection

A
  1. pathogen adhere to epithelium
  2. skin wound lets pathogen penetrate
  3. local infection, innate immunity
  4. dendritic cells take infection to lymph node and stimulate adaptive immunity
  5. effector cells and molecules of adaptive immunity travel to infected tissue
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25
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • best APC to activate T cells

- critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses

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26
Q

TH1 cells

A

Helpers for CM1

-activate cell-mediated immunity by producing cytokines

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27
Q

TH2 cells

A

produce cytokines that promote antibody production

-helpers for B cells

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28
Q

Macrophages

A
  • activate via PRRs binding PAMPs
  • activateL IFN gamma from TH1 T cells in DTH reaction
  • -critical for control of intra vesicular bacteria
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29
Q

Prevention of infectious disease: primary

A

avoid occurrence of infectious disease

-health promotion and specific protection

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30
Q

prevention of infectious disease: secondary

A

primary failed and you want to minimize damage after disease has occurred

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31
Q

prevention of infectious disease: teriary

A

primary and secondary failed

  • rehab
  • livable life goal
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32
Q

External farm biosecurity

A

measure taken to prevent infectious disease from entering or leaving farm

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33
Q

Internal farm biosecurity

A

measures taken to stop the spread of a disease within the farm

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34
Q

biosecurity measures

A
  • purchasing policy
  • dirty and clean road
  • vehicles entering and leaving farm
  • people/visitors
  • fodder and water
  • equipment
  • housing and management
  • vermin and bird control
  • monitoring animal health
  • disposal of carcass (burying, composting, burning)
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35
Q

decontamination

A

Sterilization
Disinfection
Antisepsis

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36
Q

sterilization

A

kills everything

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37
Q

disinfection

A

less effective

eliminate many

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38
Q

antisepsis

A

application of liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms

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39
Q

Veterinary standard precautions

A
  1. hand hygiene
  2. personal protective equipment
  3. physical restraints
  4. sharps safety
  5. surgery care and precautions
  6. decontamination and disposal of waster
  7. vaccine for zoonotic disease
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40
Q

Breaking the chain of infection

A
  1. reservoir neutralization
  2. reducing contact potential
  3. protection of portal of entry
  4. increasing host resistance
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41
Q

reservoir neutralization

A

test and slaughter
mass therapy
environment manipulation

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42
Q

increasing host resistance

A
  • chemoprophylaxis
  • immunization
  • -where: endemic areas
  • -when: season
  • -who: population at risk
  • -why: loss caused by disease greater than cost of immunization
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43
Q

parasitic diseases

A

taenia solium

giardia

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44
Q

taenia solium

A

porcine cysticercosis
human taeniasis
human cysticercosis
neurocysticercosis
Reservoir: primary-people intermediate-pigs
transmission: eat under cooked pork, contaminated feed for pigs
Prevention: meat inspection, cook properly
hygiene, sewage management, target reservoir

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45
Q

Giardiasis

A

Reservoir: many species
Transmission: consuming cysts, water most common, surface contamination of food
Prevention: water treatment, sewage treatment, wash or peel veggies and fruits

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46
Q

Viral diseases

A

rabies

hantavirus

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47
Q

Rabies

A

All reservoirs are vector but not all vectors are reservoirs
-surveillance
~reduce animal reservoir: vaccination of domestic and wild animal and control feral animal populations
~reduce human risk: post-exposure procedures, vaccinate at risk individuals, education to reduce exposure risk

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48
Q

hantavirus

A

rodents are the reservoir and usually asymptomatic
Transmission: aerosol and bite
fever, chills, myalgia, headache

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49
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Anthrax

brucellosis

50
Q

Anthrax

A

spore forming bacterium
affect most mammal species
cattle mainly
Post-mortem signs: blood not clotted, spores in blood on microscopy, rapid bloating, lack of rigor mortis, blood from orifices

51
Q

Brucellosis

A
  1. brucella melitensis: most pathogenic for people
  2. brucella abortus: more pathogenic in people
    Transmission: ingestion, mucous membrane exposure, or percutaneous inoculation
    Prevent: eliminate animal reservoir
52
Q

Vector Borne diseases

A

Borreliosis

West nile disease

53
Q

Borreliosis

A

two groups: lyme disease type from hard ticks and relapsing fever type from soft ticks

avoid contact with ticks, tick repellants

54
Q

west nile

A

maintained in a moquito-bird-mosquito cycle
Transmission: bite of infected mosquito
or blood borne infection, lab exposure and breast milk
most people are symptomatic

55
Q

serovar

A

strain within a species with distincitive antigenic properties; further characterization of species

56
Q

symbiosis

A

neutral, antagonistic or synergistic relationship between two dissimilar organisms living in close association with each other

57
Q

mutualism

A

mutually beneficial relationship between two species (+/+)

58
Q

commensalism

A

(+/0) relationship between two species in which one is benefited and the other is not affected

59
Q

parasitism

A

(+/-) relationship between two species in which one benefits (parasite) from the other (host)

60
Q

transient flora

A

microbial flora only temporarily occupying a given niche

61
Q

niche

A

place of an organism within its community

62
Q

microbial flora of the normal animal body

A 
skin
respiratory tract (nose, nasopharynx, mouth, oropharynx)
eye and outer ear
intestinal
genitourinary tract
63
Q

gram +

A

purple

64
Q

gram -

A

pink/red

65
Q

role of normal flora

A

common source of infection
immune stimulation
keeping out invaders
role in nutrition and metabolism

66
Q

factors that control the growth of microorganisms

A

nutrient availability
physico/environmental parameters
competition
host immune system

67
Q

fastidious

A

organism that has complex nutritional requirements

68
Q

vector

A

a carrier, animal that transfers an infectious agent from one host to another
-arthropod

69
Q

carrier

A

symptomless individual who is host to a pathogenic microorganism with the potential to pass pathogen to others

70
Q

pathogenicity

A

quality of producing a disease or the ability to produce pathogenic changes or disease

71
Q

virulence

A

measure of pathogenicity

how severe the disease is

72
Q

epidemic

A

disease occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy

73
Q

endemic

A

present in a population or geographic area at all times

74
Q

pandemic

A

widespread epidemic distributes or occurring widely throughout a region, country, continent or globally

75
Q

viruses can cross the blood brain barrier using what cells

A

monocytes

76
Q

tropism

A

the specificity/affinity of a virus for a particular host tissue

77
Q

pantropic viruses

A

can replicate in more than one host organ/tissue

78
Q

teratogenic viruses

A

cause developmental defects of embryo or fetus after in-utero infection

79
Q

LPS

A

from gram negative bacteria
amphophilic molecule found in outer bacterial membrane
receptor on macrophages
Lipid A is the toxic portion

80
Q

Exotoxins

A

delivered to eukaryotic cell by secretion into surrounding environment or direct injection into cell

  1. enzymatic activity
  2. proteolytic break down of host proteins
  3. membrane disrupting toxins-pore formation
  4. toxins against IgA and host cytoskeleton
81
Q

types of adhesins

A

polypeptides (proteins) or polysaccharides
protein adhesins can be fimbrial or afinbrial
-gram negative use fibriae

82
Q

invasins

A

extracellular or intracellular
extra-uses enzymes which break down cell integrity of host allowing invasion of tissue
inra- obligate or facultative

83
Q

sigma factors

A

mechanism of virulence regulation
protein subunits of RNA polymerases which control transcription
-bacteria use to control gene expression of virulence factors

84
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

molecular evolution of novel pathogens

85
Q

donor to recipient

A

blocks of DNA which contain large mobile genetic components

86
Q

pathogenicity islands

A

contain virulence factors like adhesins, invasins, toxins

87
Q

different mechanisms bacteria use to resist antibiotics

A
  • modification of antibiotic target sites
  • alteration of antibiotic uptake
  • inactivation of antibiotics
  • can occur by deliberate gene transfer or spontaneous mutations
88
Q

Protozoa

A

single celled, nucleated
multiply in hosts
classified by mode of locomotion by pseudopodia, flagella, cilia, gliding movements

89
Q

helminths

A

worm like animal showing differentiation, metazoans

do not likely multiply in host

90
Q

nematode

A

round worm
free-living
sexes separate

91
Q

cestode

A 
tape worm
contain a scolex, flat body
strobila with proglottids
flat worms
-segmented
92
Q

trematode

A

fluke
flat worms look like a leaf
oral and ventral suckers
genetically independent

93
Q

arthropods

A

arachnids (ticks, mites- 4 pairs of legs) and insects
-flies, fleas, lice, hemiptera (bed bugs) 3 pairs of legs
mosquito

94
Q

ectoparasite

A

lives on the host

causes infestation

95
Q

endoparasite

A

lives in the host

causes infections

96
Q

definitive host

A

harbors adult stage of the parasite

97
Q

intermediate host

A

harbors the larval stage of the parasite

98
Q

incidental host

A

an unusual host, unneccessary for the maintenance of the parasite in nature

99
Q

routes of parasite entry

A
  • ingestion
  • skin
  • transplacental
  • transmammary
  • arthropod bite
  • sexual contact
100
Q

diagnostic tools/methods for parasites

A

host species
site of infection
size of parasite

101
Q

As vets you should understand what about parasites

A
  • taxonomic classification; scientific and common name
  • host; zoonotic
  • ID
  • life cycle
  • site of infection
  • pathogenesis and lesions
  • clinical signs
  • diagnosis
  • treatment and prevention
102
Q

serology

A

detection of viral antigen or host antibody against virus

103
Q

virus replication

A 
attachment
penetration
uncoating
synthesis of viral nucleic acid and protein
assembly and maturation
release in large numbers
104
Q

vertical transmission

A

infection that is transferred from mother to embryo or fetus after parturition

105
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

  1. direct
  2. indirect
  3. capture (sandwich)
106
Q

PCR

A

polymerase chain reaction

107
Q

electrophoresis

A

separated in electrophoretic field
negatively charged molecule–positive end mobility
depends on: size and structure

108
Q

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

A

RFLP
requires restriction enzymes: cute DNA at or near specific recognition nucelotide sequences
–sticky end with overhang
–blunt end
example would be for forensic analysis and parent ID

109
Q

hybridization

A

denatured, single-stranded DNA

  • Dot
  • in situ
  • southern
  • northern
  • microarray
110
Q

probe

A
  • fragment of nucleic acids
  • labeled, radiosotope, enzyme
  • high degree of specificity
111
Q

nucleic acid amplification

A
  • signal: bDNA assays, hybrid capture assays
  • target: enzyme mediated process to synthesize copies of targeted nucleic acid (PCR) & isothermal amplification like LAMP
  • –high sensitivity and false positives
112
Q

PCR primers

A

distance between the primer binding sites determines the size of the PCR product
-determine the specificity

113
Q

Real-Time or Quantitative PCR

A

probe or dye to generate a fluorescent signal from the product
signal an exponential curve with a lag phase and a stationary phase

114
Q

LAMP

A 
loop-mediated isothermal amplification
no thermal cycler needed
quick, sensitivity higher than PCR
visible results
complicated design
115
Q

silent mutation

A

mutations without apparent effect

-base change in DNA, no change in AA

116
Q

Missense mutation

A

change in codon–change in AA–change in protein function

117
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

change in coding codon to a termination codon, resulting premature termination

118
Q

frameshift mutations

A

inserting or deleting number of bp other than a multiple of 3

119
Q

transformation

A

acquisition of new genetic markers by incorportation of added DNA

120
Q

conjunction

A

mating between two bacteria involving transfer of genetic material

121
Q

transduction

A

transfer of bacterial gene from one to another by a phage

122
Q

transposition

A

movement of a transposon to a new site in the genome

PID (1 decks)

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