Final Exam

Question 1

Emergent Properties

Answer 1

Novel properties that emerge but are absent from preceding generation

Question 2

Domain Bacteria

Answer 2

Domain that is: prokaryotes, unicellular, most diverse and widespread, rod-shaped

Question 3

Domain Archaea

Answer 3

Domain that is: prokaryotes, unicellular, live in extreme environments, round

Question 4

Domain Eukarya

Answer 4

Domain that is: eukaryotes, multicellular

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

Giant molecules that are made of polymers

EX: Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

Sugars used for energy and structure

Question 7

Monosaccharides

Answer 7

Simple sugars; main fuel for cellular work

Question 8

Disaccharides

Answer 8

Consists of two monosaccharides joined bu glycosidic linkage

Question 9

Starch

Answer 9

Plant energy storage; digestible

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

Animal energy storage; digestible

Question 11

Cellulose

Answer 11

Most abundant organic molecule on Earth; not digestible

Question 12

Microvilli

Answer 12

thin projections from the surface of the cell; increase surface area without an appreciable increase in volume

Question 13

Nucleolus

Answer 13

Ribosome factory in nucleus

Question 14

Nuclear Lamina

Answer 14

Cytoskelton surrounding the nucleus; underlyes the nuclear envelope

Question 15

Bound Ribosomes

Answer 15

Makes proteins that are destined for insertion into membranes for packaging or secretion

Question 16

Free Ribosomes

Answer 16

Makes proteins that are to function within the cytosol

Question 17

Endomembrane System

Answer 17

Responsible for protein synthesis, processing, modification, transport, sorting proteins to their cellular location, detoxification, etc

Question 18

Rough ER

Answer 18

Covered in ribosomes; all protein starts their life here on bound ribosomes; consists of a membrane of network of membranous tubules and sacs(called cisternae)

Question 19

Ribosomes

Answer 19

Carry out protein synthesis

Question 20

Smooth ER

Answer 20

Responsible for making lipids/sterol; detoxification; calcium storage

Question 21

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 21

Sorting and modification of certain proteins; cisternal maturation
(Cis: receiving Trans: shipping)

Question 22

Lysosomes

Answer 22

Digestive enzymes that break stuff down; Autophagy: self eating; Contents delivered by fusion

Question 23

Peroxisome

Answer 23

Break down fatty acids; Cells split into two when they become large

Question 24

Mitochondria

Answer 24

Powerhouse of the cell; site of energy generation

Question 25

Chloroplasts

Answer 25

Site of photsynthesis in plants

Question 26

Sealing/Tight Junctions

Answer 26

Nothing can pass through this cellular barrier

Question 27

Anchoring Junctions

Answer 27

Small area of contact between adjacent cells | EX: Desmosome: fastening cells together into strong sheets

Question 28

Gap Junctions

Answer 28

Forms channels between cells; allows movement of small molecules between cells

Question 29

Molecules that CAN pass a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 29

Hydrophobic=nonpolar molecules, gases

Question 30

Molecules that CANNOT pass a selectively permeable membrane

Answer 30

Hydrophilic= polar molecules, ions, sugars

Question 31

Catabolic Pathways

Answer 31

Releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds ; exergonic EX: cellular respiration

Question 32

Anabolic Pathways

Answer 32

Consumes energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones; endergonic EX: Protein Synthesis

Question 33

Kinetic Energy

Answer 33

Energy associated with the relative motion of objects

Question 34

Thermal Energy

Answer 34

Associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules; forms heat

Question 35

Potential Energy

Answer 35

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

Question 36

Chemical Energy

Answer 36

Energy available for release in a chemical reaction

Question 37

Free Energy

Answer 37

The protein of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system

Question 38

Activation Energy

Answer 38

The energy needed to push the reactions uphill so the bonds can break

Question 39

Fermentation

Answer 39

A partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen (harvest of food energy)

Question 40

Aerobic Metabolism

Answer 40

Sufficient oxygen available, low energy electrons from reducing equivalents fall on oxygen

Question 41

Anaerobic Metabolism

Answer 41

Demand for oxygen outstrips the body's ability to deliver

Question 42

Autotrophs

Answer 42

Organisms that make their own food without reduced organic molecules derived from another organism; self-feeders

Question 43

Photoautotrophs

Answer 43

Autotrophs that use sunlight as energy