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Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hip Joint- Articulation/Nerve Supply

A

Head of femur with acetabulum of pelvis -Femoral, Obturator, Sciatic nerves

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2
Q

Hip Joint- Ligaments

A

-Transverse Acetabular, Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral, Ischiofemoral, Capitis Femoris

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3
Q

Transverse Acetabular Ligament

A

-Intrinsic -Converts acetabular notch into acetabular tunnel

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4
Q

Iliofemoral Ligament

A
  • Anterior inferior iliac spine to intertrochanteric line -Allows upright standing -When bending backward, anterior hip and abdominal muscles assist -When bending forward, gluteal, hamstring, and spinal muscles assist
  • Extrinsic rope
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5
Q

Pubofemoral Ligament

A
  • Superior ramus of pubis to intertrochanteric line -Reinforces capsule -Prevents abduction
  • Extrinsic rope
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6
Q

Ischiofemoral Ligament

A
  • Body of ischium to neck and greater trochanter of femur -Reinforces the capsule -Prevents hyperextension and abduction
  • Extrinsic rope
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7
Q

Capitis Femors Ligament

A
  • Conduct blood vessels to head of femur
  • Weak intrinsic
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8
Q

Hip Joint- Clinical List

A

Developmental Dysplasia (congenital dislocation) -Acqured/traumatic dislocation

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9
Q

Developmental Dysplasia- Details

A
  • Hip joints are found to be normal at birth can be abnormal later. Majority of children with the condition have ligamentous laxity. Majority of infants were in breech position
  • Symptoms-Pain, abnormal gait, unequal leg length, osteoarthritis, twisting of femur (femoral anteversion), contracture of hip muscles
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10
Q

Acquired/ Traumatic Dislocation- Details

A
  • Posterior dislocation most common, head of femur results on the ilium-tear capsular ligament, may compromise sciatic nerve
  • Anterior dislocation, head of femur results in obturator foramen, may compromise obturator nerve
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11
Q

Knee Joint-Articulation/Nerve Supply

A

Femur, Tibia, Patella -3 Separate joints become continuous to form the joint cavity (patella/femur, lateral condyles of femur/tibia, medial condyles of femur/tibia) -Articulating surfaces of tibial condyles called lateral and medial tibial plateaus

-Femoral, Obturator, Common fibular, tibial nerves

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12
Q

Knee Joint- Ligaments

A

-Capsular (Extrinsic): Ligamentum Patella, Lateral (fibular) collateral, Medial (tibial) collateral, Oblique and arcuate popliteal

Intrinsic: Anterior Cruciate, Posterior Cruciate, Medial Meniscus, Lateral Meniscus, Coronary Ligaments, Transverse Ligament of the Knee

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13
Q

Capsular Ligament- Details

A

-Several openings for bursase (subcutaneous prepatellar, subcutaneous infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar, suprapatellar)

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14
Q

Ligamentum Patella- Details

A

-Apex of patella to tibial tubercle -Maintains alignment of patella relative to articular surface of femur

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15
Q

Lateral (fibular) Collateral Ligament- Details

A

-Lateral epicondyle of femur to head of fibula -Extrinsic wall -Prevents lateral movement (abduction)

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16
Q

Medial (tibial) Collateral Ligament- Details

A

-Medial epicondyle of femur to medial side of the tibia, just inferior to medial condyle -Extrinsic wall -Prevents medial movement (adduction)

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17
Q

Oblique and Arcuate Popliteal Ligaments- Details

A

-Posterior aspect of joint - Extrinsic walls -Prevent hyperextension

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18
Q

Anterior Cruciate Ligament- Details

A

Weaker of the two cruciate ligaments -lateral condyle of femur to anterior intercondylar area of tibia -Intrinsic rope -prevent anterior displacement of tibia

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19
Q

Posterior Cruciate Ligament- Details

A

-Stronger of cruciate ligaments -Medial condyle of femur to intercondylar area of tibia -Intrinsic rope -Prevents posterior displacement of femur

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20
Q

Menisci/Semilunar Cartilages- Details

A

-Good blood supply from birth to 18 months -vascular supply diminishes with age -Nutrition supplied by synovial fluid

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21
Q

Menisci/Semilunar Cartilages- Functions

A

-Deepen articulating surfac, shock absorber, mechanoreceptor (type of proprioceptor) to increase positional sense of knee joint

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22
Q

Medial Meniscus- Details

A

-“C” shaped and firmly attached to tibial collateral ligament -Less mobile on the surface of tibia

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23
Q

Lateral Meniscus- Details

A

-Nearly circular in shape and smaller than medial meniscus -More freely movable on the surface of tibia

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24
Q

Coronary Ligaments- Details

A

-Associated with menisci -Portion of the joint capsular ligament which attaches to the edge of the menisci and helps to hold them in place

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25
Q

Transverse Ligament of the Knee- Details

A

Joins the anterior edges of the medial and lateral menisci and allows them to work together

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26
Q

Movements of Knee Joint- Clinical Notes

A

Knees “lock” to provide better stability when standing. Popliteus muscle must unlock the knee by rotating the tibia medially to allow flexion

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27
Q

Knee Bursitis- List

A
  • Prepatellar (Housemaid’s) Bursitis
  • Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursitis
  • Suprapatellar Bursitis
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28
Q

Prepatellar (Housemaid’s) Bursitis- Details

A

Caused by friction between skin and patella

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29
Q

Subcutaneous Infrapatellar Bursitis- Details

A

Caused by friction between skin and tibial tubercle

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30
Q

Suprapatellar Bursitis- Details

A
  • Caused by bacteria from an abrasion or penetrating wound
  • Due to bursa being continuous with synovial sheath, infection may spread to joint
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31
Q

Ligament Sprains-Details

A

-Very common -Unhappy Triad-Blow to the lateral aspect of the joint while it is in weight bearing that can cause damage to the medial collateral, anterior cruciate and medial meniscus

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32
Q

Damage to Medial Collateral Ligament- Details

A

-Most commonly injured ligament in joint -Can occur to lateral blow or rotational forces

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33
Q

Damage to Medial Meniscus- Details

A

-More vulnerable to injury than lateral meniscus -Symptoms- “Clicking,” locking up, pain while ascending stairs -Osteoarthritis results from menisci damage and removal

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34
Q

Damage to Anterior Cruciate Ligament- Details

A

-Damaged in sports with twisting/jumping -Sign as injury occurs, pop and knee “gives out” -Results in positive anterior drawer test (tibia can be pulled excessively forward)

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35
Q

Damage to Posterior Cruciate Ligament- Details

A

-Less commonly injured than anterior cruciate -Results in positive posterior drawer test (tibia can be pulled excessively backward)

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36
Q

Knee Replacements- Details

A
  • Replace diseased portions of femur/tibia
  • Criteria-Pain can’t be controlled or physically disabled
  • Lifespan about 15-20 years
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37
Q

Tibia-Articulation

A
  • Proximal- Condyle of femur and head of fibula
  • Distal- Talus and distal end of fibula
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38
Q

Tibia- Ossification

A

-1 primary -3 secondary

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39
Q

Osgood-Schlatter’s Disease

A

-Apophyseal injury (traction apophysitis) -Disruption of epiphyseal plate of tibial tuberosity due to running/jumping sports

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40
Q

Fibula-Articulation

A

Tibia and Talus

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41
Q

Fibula Ossification

A

1 primary, 2 secondary

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42
Q

Fractures of Tibia- Details

A

-Bumper fracture -Often damaged along medial aspect -Relatively poor blood supply leads to long recovery

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43
Q

Fracture of Fibula- Details

A

-Usually fractures proximal to lateral malleolus -May lead to common fibular nerve damage

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44
Q

Calcaneus- Articulation

A
  • Superior-Talus
  • Anterior-Cuboid
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45
Q

Calcaneal Tuberosity

A
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46
Q

Fibular Trochlea

A
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47
Q

Sustentaculum Tali

A
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48
Q

Calcaneal Sulcus

A
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49
Q

Talus-Articulation

A

-Superior-Tibia and Fibula -Inferior- Calcaneus -Anterior-Navicular

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50
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Talus and Calcaneus

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51
Q

Talus- Head, Neck and Body

A
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52
Q

Os Trigonum

A

Secondary ossification of talus of lateral tubercle -Common in teenage soccer players/ballet dancers

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53
Q

Navicular Tuberosity

A
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54
Q

Cuboid

A

.

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55
Q

Cuneiform Bones

A
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56
Q

Ossification of Tarsal Bones- Order

A

Calcaneus (only tarsal bone with secondary center), Talus, Cuboid, 1st cuneiform, 2nd cuneiform, 3rd cuneiform, Navicular

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57
Q

Fracture of Talus

A

-Occur in neck during severe dorsifexion -Blood supply may be compromised (avascular necrosis) of head of talus

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58
Q

Fracture of Calcaneus

A

-Occur from hard fall on tuberosity -May disrupt subtalar joint

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59
Q

Stress Fracture-Details

A
  • Hairline fractures appear without soft tissue damage
  • Commonly found on; shaft of tibia, metatarsal 2-4, navicular bone -2 types; Sudden increase in level of activity, and pathological (result of osteoporosis, drugs, etc)
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60
Q

Fascia of the Leg (Crural Fascia)

A
  • Superior and inferior extensor retinacula (Anterior)
  • Fibular retinaculum (Lateral)
  • Flexor retinaculum (posterior)
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61
Q

Interosseous Membrane- Functions

A

-Serves as an attachment for muscles -Stabilizes the tibia and fibula

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62
Q

Medial Longitudinal Arch

A
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63
Q

Lateral longitudinal Arch

A
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64
Q

Transverse Arch

A
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65
Q

Tibialis Anterior- Origins

A

-Shaft of tibia -Interosseous membrane

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66
Q

Tibialis Anterior- Insertions

A

-Medial cuneiform -First Metatarsal

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67
Q

Tibialis Anterior- Actions

A

-Dorsiflex foot -Inversion of foot -Supports the medial longitudinal arch

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68
Q

Tibialis Anterior- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular

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69
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus- Origins

A

-Lateral condyle of tibia -Shaft of tibia -Interosseous Membrane

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70
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus- Insertion

A

Distal phalanges 2-5

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71
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus- Actions

A

-Dorsiflex foot -Extension of digits 2-5

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72
Q

Extensor Digitorum Longus- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular

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73
Q

Fibularis Tertius- Origin

A

Shaft of fibula

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74
Q

Fibularis Tertius- Insertion

A

5th metatarsal

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75
Q

Fibularis Tertius- Actions

A

-Dorsiflex foot -Eversion of foot

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76
Q

Fibularis Tertius- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular

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77
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus- Origins

A

-Shaft of fibula -Interosseous membrane

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78
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus- Insertion

A

Distal phalanx 1

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79
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus- Actions

A

-Extend digit 1 -Dorsiflex foot

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80
Q

Extensor Hallucis Longus- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular

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81
Q

External Compartment Syndrome (ECS)

A

-Increased pressure within myofascial compartment leads to ischemia -Ant/deep post muscles swell and are painful/tender -Causes-Sudden increases in intensity and duration of exercise, more time spent on hard surfaces, shoes

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82
Q

Shin Splints

A

-Pain along medial aspect of tibia -AKA medial tibial stress syndrome MTSS

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83
Q

Common Fibular Nerve- Details

A

-Fibers from L4-S2 -Divides to superficial and deep fibular nerve -branches- Sural communicating (joins sural branch of tibial), Lateral sural cutaneous, articular -Most commonly injured nerve in lower extremity

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84
Q

Common Fibular Nerve-Common causes of Injuries

A

-Plaster casts -Fractures at proximal end of fibula -Prolonged kneeling/squatting -Prolonged kneeling with cross legs -Stretched when knee joint is injured

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85
Q

Result of Injury to Common Fibular Nerve

A

-All anterior and lateral leg muscle may be involved -Loss of dorsal flexion of the foot causing foot drop -Loss of eversion of the foot -Loss of extension of the toes -Diminished foot inversion -Loss of sensation over the dorsum of the foot and lateral aspect of the leg

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86
Q

Deep Fibular Nerve- Details

A

-Fibers from L4-S1 -Terminates via medial and lateral branch -Branches-Muscular-ant compartment of leg and dorsum of foot, articular-inferior tibiofibular/ankle joint, cutaneous-skin at the webspace between 1st/2nd digits

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87
Q

Deep Fibular Nerve- Clinical Notes

A

Ski Boot Syndrome- motor –Loss of dorsiflexion of foot and extension of toes, diminished inversion of foot Sensory- Loss of sensation to skin in the webspace between digits one and two

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88
Q

Anterior Tibial Artery

A

-Terminal branch of popliteal artery -Passes through interosseous membrane -Becomes dorsal pedis artery

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89
Q

Fibularis Longus- Origin

A

Shaft and head of the fibula

90
Q

Fibularis Longus- Insertions

A

-Medial cuneiform -First metatarsal

91
Q

Fibularis Longus- Actions

A
  • Eversion of foot
  • Plantarflex foot
  • Support lateral longitudinal and transverse arch
92
Q

Fibularis Longus- Nerve Supply

A

Superficial fibular nerve

93
Q

Fibularis Brevis- Origin

A

-Shaft of fibula

94
Q

Fibularis Brevis- Insertion

A

Fifth metatarsal

95
Q

Fibularis Brevis- Actions

A
  • Eversion of foot
  • Plantarflex foot
  • Support lateral longitudinal arch
96
Q

Fibularis Brevis-Nerve Supply

A

Superficial Fibular Nerve

97
Q

Superficial Fibular Nerve- Details

A

Fibers from L4, L5, S1

  • Motor-fibularis longus and brevis
  • Cutaneous- skin of the distal part of the anterior leg and the dorsum of the foot
98
Q

Vascular Supply of Lateral Leg

A

-No vessels in lateral compartment, supply from anterior tibial artery and fibular branch of posterior tibial artery

99
Q

Gastrocnemius- Origin

A

Lateral and medial epicondyles of femur

100
Q

Gastrocnemius- Insertion

A

Tuberosity of calcaneus

101
Q

Fabella

A

Sesamoid bone imbedded in lateral head of gastrocnemius that articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur

102
Q

Soleus- Origin

A
  • Soleal line of tibia
  • Head and shaft of fibula
103
Q

Soleus- Insertion

A

Tuberosity of calcneus

104
Q

Gastrocnemius/Soleus- Actions

A
  • Plantarfelx foot
  • Invert foot
  • Stabilize andkle joint
105
Q

Gastrocnemius/Soleus- Never Supply

A

Tibial Nerve

106
Q

Calf Muscles- Clinical List

A
  • Achilles Tendonitis
  • Rupture of Achilles tendon
  • Calcaneal tendon reflex
  • Wearing high healed shoes
107
Q

Achilles Tendonitis

A
  • Due to microscipic tears
  • Repetitive activities with plantarflexion
  • Contributing factors: Inappropriate footwear, sudden increases/changes in acivity levels, running on steeply inclined terrain
108
Q

Rupture of Tendon Calcaneus

A
  • Often occurs in people with chronic tendonitis
  • Audible snap and intense pain
  • Difficulty plantarflexing foot
109
Q

Calcaneal Tendon Reflex

A

Precussion hammer strikes achilles tendon and foot plantarflexes, tests S1 and S2

110
Q

Wearing High Heeled Shoes

A

Contracture develops over time while wearing shoes

111
Q

Plantaris- Origin

A

Lateral supracondylar line (ridge) of femur

112
Q

Plantaris- Insertion

A

Tuberosity of calcaneus

113
Q

Plantaris- Actions

A

Invert foot

Plantarflex foot

114
Q

Plantaris- Nerve Supply

A

Tibial Nerve

115
Q

Popliteus- Origin

A

Lateral Epicondyle of femur

116
Q

Popliteus- Insertion

A

Shaft of tibia

117
Q

Popliteus- Actions

A
  • Medially rotates the tibia
  • Stabilize the knee joint by preventing hyperextension
118
Q

Popliteus- Nerve Supply

119
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus- Origin

A

Shaft of the tibia

120
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus- Insertion

A

Distal phalanges of digits 2-5

121
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus- Actions

A
  • Flex digits 2-5
  • plantarflex foot
  • Support medial and lateral longitudinal arches of the foot
122
Q

Flexor Digitorum Longus- Nerve Supply

123
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus- Origins

A
  • Shaft of the fibula
  • interosseous membrane
124
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus- Insertion

A

Distal phalanx of digit one

125
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus- Actions

A
  • Flex Digit 1
  • Plantarflex foot
  • Invert foot
  • Support medial longitudinal arch of foot
126
Q

Flexor Hallucis Longus- Nerve Supply

127
Q

Tibialis Posterior- Origins

A
  • Shaft of fibula and tibia
  • Interosseous membrane
128
Q

Tibialis Posterior- Insertion

A
  • Navicular
  • Cuneiforms
  • Cubiod
  • 2-4 metatarsals
129
Q

Tibialis Posterior- Actions

A
  • Invert foot
  • Plantarflex foot
  • Support medial longitudinal arch
130
Q

Tibialis Posterior- Nerve Supply

131
Q

Tibial Nerve- Details

A
  • Branches from L4-S3
  • Divides into medial/lateral plantar nerves
  • Motor Supply-Posterior Leg muscles
  • Cutaneous- Sural and medial calcaneal branches-posterior leg, lateral plantar and calcaneal tuberosity surfaces
  • Articular supply-Knee and Ankle joints
132
Q

Damage to Tibial Nerve- Clinical Notes

A
  • Damage uncommon due to location but symptoms include; Unable to flex toes, weakened plantarflexion, weakened inversion of foot
  • Not total loss due to fibularis longus/brevis being able to plantarflex and tibialis anterior beign able to invert foot
133
Q

Posterior Tibial Artery- Details

A
  • Divides into medial/lateral plantar arteries in plantar surface
  • Fibular Artery- Most important branch- Supplies muscles in deep posterior/lateral comparments and fibula
134
Q

Peripheral Arterial Disease

(Intermittent Claudication)

A
  • Narrowing of posterior tibial artery/branches
  • Absence/diminished pulse may signify this condition
  • May have signs of leg cramping after walking
  • High chance of heart attack due to plaque build up throughout the body
135
Q

Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Articulation

A

Head of fibula with fibular articular facet (on lateral condyle of tibia)

136
Q

Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Classification and Nerve Supply

A
  • Plane Gliding
  • Common fibular Nerve
137
Q

Superior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Ligament List

A
  • Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular
  • Interosseous Membrane
138
Q

Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Articulation

A

Fibular notch of tibia and lateral malleolar facet of tibia

139
Q

Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Classification and Nerve Supply

A
  • Syndesmosis
  • Deep fibular and Tibial nerves
140
Q

Inferior (proximal) Tibiofibular Joint- Ligament List

A
  • Anterior and Poster Tibiofibular
  • Interosseous Membrane
141
Q

Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Articulation

A

-Distal end of tibia, lateral malleolar fossa of fibula, and body of talus

142
Q

Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Classification and Nerve Supply

A
  • Ginglymus
  • Deep Fibular and Tibial Nerves
143
Q

Mortise

A

Term used to describe the articulating surfaces of tibia, fibula, and talus

144
Q

Ankle Joint (Talocrural)- Ligament List

A

Deltoid (medial) Ligament-4 parts-Anterior tibiotalar, tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, posterior tibiotalar

Lateral Ligaments-3 parts- Anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular, posterior talofibular

145
Q

Sprained Ankle

A
  • Most frequently injured joint
  • Anterior talofibular most commonly damaged ligament, calcaneofibular may be injured too
  • Inversion type of injury
146
Q

Pott’s Fracture (Fracture Dislocation of the Ankle)

A
  • Occurs when foot is forcibly everted
  • Foot caught or held tight while leg continues to internally rotate
  • Results in: Tearing of deltoid ligament, Avulsion fracture of medial malleolus, Fracture of shaft of tibia, fracture of lateral malleolus
147
Q

Function of the Feet

A
  • Support body weight
  • Provides leverage for locomotion
  • Serves as a spring to absorb shock
148
Q

Retinacula of the foot- List

A
  • Superior and inferior extensor retinacula
  • Fibular retinaculum
  • Flexor retinaculum
149
Q

Superior and Inferior Extensor Retinacula- Details

A

Anterior aspect of ankle, holds tendons of anterior leg muscles, anterior tibial vessels and deep fibular nerve in place

150
Q

Fibular Retinculum-Details

A

Holds tendons of lateral leg muscles and motor branches of superficial fibular nerve in place

151
Q

Flexor Retinaculum- Details

A

Medial aspect of ankle, holds tendons of deep posterior leg muscles, posterior tibial blood vessels, and tibial nerves in place

152
Q

Plantar Aponeurosis- Functions

A
  • Holds parts of the foot together
  • Help protect the plantar surface of the foot from injury
  • Helps support the longitudinal arches
153
Q

Plantar Fascitis

A
  • Overuse injury of plantar aponeurosis, becomes stretched and tiny tears develop in aponeurosis
  • Pain most obvious during first step in the morning
154
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Origin

155
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Insertion

A

Tendons of extensor digitorum longus of digits 2-4

156
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Action

A

Extend digits 2-4

157
Q

Extensor Digitorum Brevis- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

158
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Origin

159
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Insertion

A

Proximal Phalanx of digit 1

160
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Action

A

Extend digit 1

161
Q

Extensor Hallucis Brevis- Nerve Supply

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

162
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi- Origin

163
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi- Insertion

A

Proximal Phalanx of digit 5

164
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi- Actions

A

Abduct digit 5, Support lateral longitudinal arch

165
Q

Abductor Digiti Minimi- Nerve Supply

A

Lateral Plantar

166
Q

Abductor Hallucis- Origin

167
Q

Abductor Hallucis- Insertion

A

Proximal Phalanx of digit 1

168
Q

Abductor Hallucis- Action

A

Abduct digit 1, support medial longitudinal arch

169
Q

Abductor Hallucis- Nerve Supply

A

Medial Plantar

170
Q

Flexor digitorum Brevis- Origin

171
Q

Flexor digitorum Brevis- Insertion

A

Middle phalanges of digits 2-5

172
Q

Flexor digitorum Brevis- Actions

A

Flex digits 2-5, Support medial and lateral longitudinal arch

173
Q

Flexor digitorum Brevis- Nerve Supply

A

Medial Plantar

174
Q

Lumbricals- Origin

A

Tendons of flexor digitorum longus

175
Q

Lumbricals- Insertions

A
  • Tendons of the extensor digitorum longus
  • Proximal phalanx of digits 2-5
176
Q

Lumbricals- Actions

A
  • Flex MP joint of digits 2-5
  • Extend IP joint of digits 2-5
177
Q

Lumbricals- Nerve Supply

A

1st lumbrical by medial plantar nerve, 2nd-4th lumbrical by lateral plantar nerve

178
Q

Quadratus Plantae- Origin

179
Q

Quadratus Plantae- Insertion

A

Tendon of flexor digitorum longus

180
Q

Quadratus Plantae- Action

A

Flex digits 2-5

181
Q

Quadratus Plantae- Nerve Supply

A

Lateral plantar

182
Q

Adductor Hallucis- Origin

A

Oblique-2-4 metatarsals, tendon of fibularis longus

Transverse- Plantar ligaments of lateral MP joints

183
Q

Adductor Hallucis- Insertion

A

Proximal Phalanx of digit 1

184
Q

Adductor Hallucis- Actions

A

Adducts digit 1, Flex digit 1, supports transverse arch

185
Q

Adductor Hallucis- Nerve Supply

A

Lateral Plantar

186
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi- Origins

A

Cuboid, 5th Metatarsal, tendon of fibularis longus

187
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi- Insertion

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 5

188
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi- Action

A

Flex Digit 5

189
Q

Flexor Digiti Minimi- Nerve Supply

A

Lateral Plantar

190
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Origin

A

Cuboid, cuneiforms

191
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Insertion

A

Proximal phalanx of digit 1

192
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Actions

A

Flex digit 1, support medial longitudinal arch

193
Q

Flexor Hallucis Brevis- Nerve Supply

A

Medial Plantar

194
Q

Layer 4 of the foot

A

Interosseous muscles, tendons of fibularis longus and tibialis posterior muscles

-Supplied by Lateral plantar nerve

195
Q

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome (Jogger’s Foot)

A
  • Tibial and/or medial plantar nerve compressed as they pass through flexor retinaculum
  • Symptoms-paresthesia/numbness
  • Causes-Trauma, hypertrophy of dep posterior leg muscles, individuals with flat feet
196
Q

Plantar Nerve Reflex

A

L4, L5, S1, S2

  • Lateral aspect of plantar foot is stroked with blunt object from calcaneus crossing to digit one
  • Expected response to test is flexion of all digits
  • Positive response (bad sign) if babinski response occurs after 2 years of age
197
Q

Babinski Response

A
  • Digit 1 extends and 2-5 abduct to plantar nerve reflex
  • Signifies pathology of nervous system after 2 years of age, but normal in infants
198
Q

Morton’s Neuroma (Intermetatarsal or Interdigital Neuroma)

A
  • Plantar nerves are compressed between heads of metatarsals and transverse metatarsal ligaments
  • Common between 3rd-4th digits
  • Symptoms-Dull cramping or burning sensation
  • Common to runners/dancers with tight fitting shoes
199
Q

Vascular Supply of Foot- Details

A
  • Posterior tibial artery divides into medial/plantar artery
  • Vessels form plantar arterial arch
  • Dorsum of foot supplied by dorsal pedis artery
200
Q

Joints of the foot- List & Details

A
  • Subtalar (talocalcaneal)
  • Calcaneocuboid
  • Talonavicular
  • E/Inversion occurs between these joints, other joints in the foot aren’t important, little to no movement occurs between them.
201
Q

Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)

A
  • Very strong, running from sustentaculum tali to navicular tuberosity
  • Supports medial longitudinal arch
202
Q

Long Plantar Ligament

A
  • Plantar surface of calcaneus to cuboid and base of 3-5 metatarsal
  • Supports medial longitudinal arch
203
Q

Plantar Calcaneocuboid (short plantar) Ligament

A
  • Calcaneus to cuboid, located between plantar calcaneonavicular and long plantar ligaments
  • Helps maintain medial longitudinal arch
204
Q

Hallux Valgus

A
  • Lateral deviation of first MP joint (first toe overlaps under/over second toe)
  • Caused by wearing footwear that is too small
  • New bone and bursae develops where foot is rubbing the shoe
  • Cause of bunions (inflammation of new bursae) and corns (thickening of keratin)
205
Q

Hallux Rigidis

A

Sesmoid bone is displaced due to Hallux Valgus causing first and second metatarsals to “lock”

206
Q

Hammer Toe

A
  • Deformity of 2nd/3rd digits due to poorly fitted shoes or hallux valgus
  • Hyperextended digits at MP joint and DIP/PIP joints flexed
207
Q

Turf Toe

A

Hyperextension of MP joint of digit one due to damage to plantar capsular ligament

208
Q

Club Foot (Talipes Equinovarus)

A
  • Only present at birth
  • Structural foot defomity of the talus leading to shortening and contracture of muscles/ligaments
  • Genetic code of inheritance established
209
Q

Arches of the Foot- Details

A

In order to carry out functions of the foot, the foot must be: Strong to bear weight, flexible to absorb shock, adaptable to surfaces, act as strong levers to propel locomotion

210
Q

Medial longitudinal Arch- Bones

A

Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, 1st and 2nd metatarsals

211
Q

Lateral longitudinal Arch- Bones

A

Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsals

212
Q

Transverse Arch- Bones

A

Base of metatarsals, cuboid, and cuneiforms

213
Q

Factors in Maintaining the Arches of the Foot

A
  • Shape of artuclated bones
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Long plantar ligament
  • Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar) ligament
  • Plantar Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
214
Q

Dynamic Supports Involved in Maintaining the Arches of the Foot

A

Longitudinal Arch-Flexor Hallucis and Flexor digitorum longus

-Transverse Arch- Fibularis Longus and tibialis posterior

215
Q

Pes Rectus

A
  • Normal foot with normal arches
  • Normal foot print
216
Q

Pes Planus

A
  • Flat foot due to inadequacy in structures concerning longitudinal arch
  • Low/No arch
  • Flat feet normal until age 2/3 due to adipose deposits in neonates
217
Q

Flexible Flat foot

A
  • Normal with no load bearing, flat with load
  • Due to loose/degenerative ligaments
218
Q

Rigid Flat Foot

A
  • Lacks arch even when non-load bearing
  • due to bone deformities, possible fusion of tarsal bones
219
Q

Acquired Flat Foot (Fallen Arches)

A
  • Secondary consequence of damage to ligament or atrophy of muscle
  • Common in older individuals due to weight gain/arthritis
220
Q

Pes Cavus

A

Medial longitudinal arch is unduly high

  • “Clawfoot” used to describe
  • Due to muscle imbalance from conditions such as polio

Gross Anatomy (1 decks)

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