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AP 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classifications of muscles by: appearance/structure

A

striated= skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

unstriated- smooth muscle

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2
Q

What is the classification of muscle by control?

A

Voluntary/ skeletal

Involuntary/ cardiac and smooth muscle

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3
Q

The 3 types of muscles are categorised according to-

A

Structure

Control

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4
Q

Why does skeletal muscle look striated? Which part of their anatomy provides them with the strations?

A

The myofibrils are composed of actin and myosin filaments repeated in units called a sarcomere. The sarcomere is responsible for the striated appearance.

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5
Q

What are the different filaments in the muscle?

A

Myosin, actin

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6
Q

What is myosin?

A

A thick filament. Protein consists of two identical subunits

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7
Q

What is actin?

A

Thin filament consist primarily of the protein actin. Actin interacts with the myosin cross-bridges

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8
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

An action potential along a motor neuron that crosses the synaptic gap at the neuromuscular junction and then gets propagated along the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the T-tubules inside of a muscle cell. This release calcium so it can attach to the actin by opening the troponin-tropomyosin attachment sites for the myosin heads. With the help of ATP, the myosin heads for cross bridges to the actin myofilaments and pull the z-lines closer together which makes the sarcomeres shorter, thereby contracting the muscle cells.

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9
Q

What happens when there is no ATP

A

ATP is require for the detachment of the myosin head and thus the relaxation of the muscle. No ATP= no relaxation

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10
Q

List the 3 types of muscle contraction

A

Isotonic
Isokinetic
Isometric

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11
Q

Describe the 3 types of muscle contractions

A

Isotonic- constant tension
The load remains constant as the muscle changes length
Isokinetic- constant velocity
Velocity remains constant as the muscle changes length
Isometric- constant length
Length remains constant as tension increases

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12
Q

Describe the basic anatomy of the heart

A 
Aorta 
Left and right atrium
Pulmonary trunk
Superior vena cava 
Right and left ventricle 
Pulmonary veins
Inferior vena cava
Purlamanory valve
Right AV valve (tricuspid)
Left AV valve (mitral)
Aortic valve
Papillary muscle
Chordate tendineae
Interventricular septum
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13
Q

What are the electrical events in the cardiac cycle?

A

Electrical signals start at the SA mode, causing atria contraction, and then move on to AV node, delaying electrical impulses to allow blood from the atrium to fill the ventricles

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14
Q

Where is the pacemaker?

A

Cardiac autorythmic cells display pacemaker activity

-their membrane potential slowly depolarises between action potentials, drifting to threshold.

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15
Q

What are the different types of vessels in the vascular system?

A

Arteries and arterioles
Capillaries
Veins and venules

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16
Q

What are the three types of muscles?

A

Skeletal or striated, cardiac and smooth

17
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate and stroke volume.

18
Q

What is meant by distribution of cardiac output?

A

The distribution of blood ejected from the heart / min. Heart rate x stroke volume

19
Q

Which organ must maintain the same amount of blood flow during rest and exercise?

A

The brain

20
Q

What is the relationship between cardiovascular circulatory system and the lymphatic system?

A

The cardiovascular and lymphatic are both parts of the circulatory system. Cardiovascular moves blood throughout the body, lymphatic carries a clear fluid called lymph towards the heart. The lymphatic system filters out all the invaders that the cardiovascular system might have let through

21
Q

What is the blood composed of?

A 
Liquid plasma
Plasma proteins
Cellular elements
- erythrocytes
-leukocytes
-platelets
22
Q

What cell types are found in blood?

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

23
Q

What is found in plasma?

A 
90% water
Inorganic solutes (most Na+ and CI-)
Plasma proteins
Waste products
Dissolved gasses
Hormones
24
Q

What are functions of plasma proteins? Which is the main plasma protein.

A 
Function is to establish plasma colloid osmotic pressure.
Help buffer changes in pH
Involved in immune response
Involved in clot formation
3 groups of plasma proteins
-albumins (main)
-globulins
-fibrinogen
25
Q

What is the main purpose for RBC’s?

A

O2 transport

26
Q

What do RBC’s contain lots of?

A

Hemoglobin (Hb)

AP 1 (1 decks)

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