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Comparative Politics > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What was the KMT in China?

A

Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)

Oppose to imperial rule.

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2
Q

The retreat by the CCP in the mid-1930’s, which turned into one of its strengths in recruiting support.

A

The Long March

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3
Q

Who lead the Communist party in China?

A

Mao Zedong

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4
Q

When did the Communist become successful in China?

A

1949 after winning the civil war against the KMT

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5
Q

What where the two major movements of the Chinese Communists in the 1950’s and 1960’s

A

The Great Leap Forward 1957 failed Chinese campaign to speed up development.
Cultural Revolution 1962 period of upheaval in China.

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6
Q

Who pioneered the change in China’s economic development? How?

A

Zhou 1972
Deng 1978
Followed an economic reform agenda guided by non-Marxist principles:
Private Property
Market forces should be used to allocate goods and services and determine prices.
Higher Wages, profit, and the accumulation of wealth should deb used to boost productivity and efficiency.

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7
Q

Political Process of China: Who Governs? How are they elected?

A

President: Xi Jinping
Single individual serves as a CCP and president of PRC
National People’s Congress is elected by the Local People’s Congress.
National People’s Government is elected by National People’s Congress. Elections are from the bottom up.

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8
Q

What is the Population of Iran?

A

77 Million

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9
Q

What are the Ethnicities of Iran?

A

Persian 61%, Azeri 16%, Kurds 10%, Arabs, 2%, and Others 11%

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10
Q

What are the Religions of Iran?

A

Shiite Muslim 89%, Sunni Muslim 9%, and Other 2%

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11
Q

What are the Languages of Iran?

A

Persian 53% Turkic 18% Kurdish 10% Arabic 2%

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12
Q

What is the White Revolution?

A

coup d’état’ Reforms in Iran tua caused the Shah to fall in 1979.
Civil groups were illegal.
Mosque and clergy were okay.

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13
Q

What types of governing institutions are found in authoritarian regimes?

A

Supreme Leader: Rule through repression, co-optation, and legitimacy.
Security: Top Priority
Bureaucracy
Rule of Law

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14
Q

What is the dictator’s dilemma?

A

Repression they practice, causes a lack of accurate information on the political support they have.

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15
Q

What does the case study of Mobutu in Zaire reveal?

A

Demonstrate a case of corruption, personalist regime in a weak state. All power and decisions went through Mobutu. Mobutu had weak institutions. Ruled by Patronage. Severally weakened the state institutions.

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16
Q

What is the FDI?

A

Foreign Direct Investment: Invest meant from abroad in productive activity in another country.

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17
Q

1970’s A rapid increase in the flow of culture symbols, political ideas and movements, economic activity, technology, and communications around the globe.

A

Globalization

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18
Q

Globalization is so powerful, it will overwhelm the power of nation-states, forcing convergence of economic policies.

A

Hyperglobalization

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19
Q

Analyzing wealthy market economics that focus primarily on business firms and how they are governed; globalization will not produce convergence between them.

A

Varieties of Capitalism (VOC)

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20
Q

LME: Countries that rely heavily on market relationships to govern economic activity; the United States and United Kingdom are key examples.

A

Liberal Market Economics

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21
Q

CME: Firms, financiers, union, and government consciously coordinate their actions vie interlocking ownership and participation; Japan and Germany examples.

A

Coordinated Market Economics

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22
Q

CME: Firms, financiers, union, and government consciously coordinate their actions vie interlocking ownership and participation; Japan and Germany examples.

A

Coordinated Market Economics

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23
Q

Export-Oriented Growth (EOG)

A

Encouraging economic growth vie exports of goods and services, usually starting with light manufacturing such as textiles.

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24
Q

Coup d’état; why do they happen?

A

When the military forcibly removes an existing regime and establishes a new one.
The military does not go beyond the bounds set by civilian leaderships. The military loyalty to the regime fails.
Intervened to restoer order when civilian leaders had weekend the civilian regime vie corruption and incompetent rule.
To advance its own institutional inters, such as getting larger budget, higher pay, or better equipment.
Gain power for their own interest, those of their ethnic group or region, or factions

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25
Q

Overthrow of the prior regime by mass participation in extralegal political action, which is often violent.

A

Revolution

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26
Q

Revolution in which the outcomes are negotiated among political elites, each with the backing of segment of the populace.

A

Revolutions from Above

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27
Q

Revolutions in which mass uprising of the populace to overthrow the government plays a central role.

A

Revolutions from Below

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28
Q

Democracy as the permanent form of political activity; all significant political elites and their followers accept democratic rules and are confident everyone else does as well.

A

Democratic Consolidation

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29
Q

Democracy as the permanent form of political activity; all significant political elites and their followers accept democratic rules and are confident everyone else does as well.

A

Democratic Consolidation

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30
Q

What types of governing institutions are found in authoritarian regimes?

A

One-Party, Military, Personalist, Theocratic, and Semi-Authoritarian

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31
Q

Systems of government in which military officers control power.

A

Military Regime

32
Q

System of government in which a central leader comes to dominate a state, typically not only eliminating all opposition but also weakening the state’s institutions to centralize power in his hands.

A

Personalist Regime

33
Q

System of government in which a single party gains power, usually after independence in postcolonial states, and systematically eliminates all opposition in the name of developing and national unity.

A

One-Party Regime

34
Q

Rule by religious authorities.

A

Theocratic Regime

35
Q

Regime where there is political debate and elections, but the ruling party controls electoral outcomes and the regimes cannot be considered democratic in any real sense.

A

Semi-Authoritatian

36
Q

Why was the Shah’s regime unpopular?

A

Orthodox Shiites objected to secularization. Small businessman wanted the opportunity to make money while reducing competition from outsider. Middle Class demanded political reforms that would lead to the rule of law. Shah turned on the clerics. Women no longer allowed the to wear the veil, men had to shave their heads, state run institutions.

37
Q

Why/how did the Iranian revolution take place?

A

The overthrow of Iran’s monarchy under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and its replacement with an Islamic republic. Created the Islamic Republic.

38
Q

Who was Mossadegh?

A

Served as prime minister from 1951-1953, and his years in power set in motion the political dynamics that would lead to the shah’s ouster a quarter century later. Over thrown by the US towards an anti-imperialist Iran.

39
Q

Who were the leaders of Iran post revolution?

A

Khomeini-
Rafsanjani- cleric, domestic policies
Khatami- cleric, reforms and rights for women
Ahmadinejad- first televised election, nuclear power concerns.
Rouhani

40
Q

What is Iran’s political system like currently?

A

Theocracy ran by Shiite Muslims. Rigged Elections. Repression towards social or political movements.

41
Q

Can you describe political movements, civil society (or lack), leaders?

A

Green Movement- Mir Hossein Mousavi. Green is Islam, reformists. Revolution against authoritarian rulers.
Women’s Movement- Reform in divorce laws, Create new roles for woman in theological boundaries. Choose to wear a veil or not. Three main feminist.

42
Q

What does the literature/scholarship say about why authoritarian regimes arise?

A

Political culture that have authoritarian traits lack of legitimacy, and weak institutions.

43
Q

Why do Authoritarian regimes allow some form of legal representation and sometimes opposition to exist?

A

Uses legislatures and parties as a way to control dissent and to make concessions while appearing to be magnanimous rather than weak. One official support regime another opposing. Opposition has restrictions on what they can say. Government can respond to the views of opposition.

44
Q

How is succession established in such regimes?

A

Create own system on choosing. Degree of institutions matter, Top party leaders chose the new leader. Less institutionalized regimes- Leader chooses successor, usually son.

45
Q

What do the case studies of China, Nigeria and Iran tell us about the nature of authoritarianism in those states?

A

China- Transformed from communist to modernizing authoritarian regime. Became predictable, uses repression when necessary, and has corruption. Co-opt is important for the regime. Legitimacy is established from economic presence in the world.
Iran- Theocratic with rigged elections to allow populations voice to be heard. Supreme leader and institutions have full control when needed. Repression when needed; patronage via the bonyads. Gain legitimacy by combining theocracy and democracy.
Nigeria- Military Regime goal to restore democracy while preserving prior civilian governments.no attempt towards co-opt, no political parties or legislature. Became repressive and less institutionalized. Corruption grew due to oil. Repression allowed the military to maintain power with absent legitimacy.

46
Q

How do institutions and civil society function in authoritarian societies?

A

Monitored and limited political participation. Voting is fraud if necessary. Hold power without any opposition. Has one party creates loyalty.
Civil Society is repressed. Totalitarian regimes eliminate civil society. State controls interest groups. Interest groups represent people, but IG are controlled by regime.

47
Q

How did the coups in Brazil and Nigeria differ? With what consequences?

A

Difference is the level of institutionalization of their militaries. Brazil- coup cam about because of economic contradictions that the democratic government could not resolve. Direct threat to military hierarchy. Institutionalized military enter politics with a clear ideology and was a tong enough institution to implements its vision.
Nigeria is has weaker institutions. Coup happened because of the desire of top officers to maintain their access to government resources and preserve the social status quo.

48
Q

Why do Revolutions take place?

A

Economic structure of the old regimes.
Marx- transition from one mode of production to another. (Capitalism to Communism)
Moore- Agriculture to industrial, land elite move peasants from land= revolution
Davis- rising expectations: people revolt when they want more.

49
Q

Why wasn’t the US listed as a revolution (in 1776)?

A

Many of the political elite before the War of Independence remained the elite after the war. Equality was only for the whites. There was no reign of terror, which happens in most revolutions. There was no authoritarian state after. Elections were fair. Inherited status was considered illegitimate.

50
Q

How do the Chinese and Iranian revolutions differ?

A

The Chinese people had seen massive social dislocation and economic decline for at least fifty years prior to the revolution. Iranians had witnessed a growing economy that precipitated growing inequality. Both felt a sense of deprivation relative to what they thought they deserved. Both states were weak and vulnerable, China’s decline of the state was much more severe. The political organization in China was much more united and organized, resulting in a more united regime.

51
Q

What happens when an authoritarian society transitions to democracy?

A

A regime change typically involving a negotiated process that removes a authoritarian regime and concludes with a founding elections of a new democratic regime.
Begins with political liberalization–> results in a pact–> followed by a founding election.

52
Q

Political Liberalization

A

opening of the political system to greater participation.

53
Q

Pact

A

agreement among the most important political actors in the authoritarian regime and this in civil society to form a new government.

54
Q

Founding Election

A

First democratic election, marking the completion of the transition to democracy.

55
Q

How did Mexico transition from semi-democracy?

A

Modernization provided the backdrop that helped the democracy come to being. Economic crises, loss of the ruling parties legitimacy, and related changes within the elite were necessary to make it happen.

56
Q

How has Russia’s experience been different (from Mexico’s)? Nigeria’s?

A

Putin turned the weak democracy into a semi-authoritarian regime. Yeltsin created weak parties by establishing weak legislature to enable a strong presidency. Economic reform and massive oil production allowing large corruption and the co-opt much opposition. Built a strong state, improved the economy, and increased security. (Nigeria)- Corruption weakening all state institutions and popular faith in democracy. Control the military, allowing no coup. term limits and judicial independence have been strengthened. Electoral process has improved slightly.

57
Q

How have Britain and Germany responded to the recession?

A

British (LME)- Booming economy with grown ing inequality. Rreduced the power of unions and privatized many state assets, and then it cut the government spending and debt to encourage new investments. Thatcher’s reforms caused a flexible labor market with more competitive wages in which a higher percentage of employees worked at part-time jobs and far fewer were unionized.
Germany (CME) Reformed its economic model in the direction of greater liberalization in both finance and labor. Reform reduced wages, social welfare, benefits, and workers’ bargaining positions. Veto players made negotiation impossible.

58
Q

Which states have followed this export oriented growth model?

A

Asian countries: China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, South Korea and Taiwan.

59
Q

Why did Latin America experience a rollback? Of what kind?

A

Experienced a rollback due to the debt crisis. Countries instituted a market oriented reforms. Engaged in extensive privatization of state owned activities, reduction of trade barriers, and fiscal or reduction of poverty. elected leftist critics of neoliberal reforms in the new millennium creating “Pink Tide.” Focus on reducing poverty.

60
Q

What regime types lead to greater developmental success?

A

Democracies: Enhances growth and reduces poverty, and rule of law. Citizens demand for government to pursue greater economic policies. Enhance political stability, fair elections, and protect the rule of law.
Dictatorships: less accountable, likely revolutions and coup d’etat and do not protect rule of law.
Best is democracy and a strong state.
Democracy and dictatorships achieve the same level. True for wealth and poor countries.

61
Q

Supreme Leader

A

Individual who wields executive power with few limitations in an authoritarian regime.

62
Q

Personality Cult

A

Most extreme case in Personalist rule, followers turn the leader into a divine wisdom

63
Q

Regime Change

A

one regime is transformed into another.

64
Q

Political violence

A

use of violence by non state actors for political ends.

65
Q

Terrorism

A

Political violence targeted at civilian noncombatants.

66
Q

Hardliners

A

Repressing ay opposition and preserving the status quo.

67
Q

Softliners

A

Willing to consider compromise with the opponents as a mean sot survive the crisis.

68
Q

Radicals

A

Want immediate and complete democratization

69
Q

Moderates

A

Willing to compromise with the authoritarian government to make some gains.

70
Q

Political Liberalization

A

Opening the system to greater participation.

71
Q

Pact

A

Explicit agreement among the most important political actors in the regime and civil society to establish a new form of government.

72
Q

Founding Elections

A

First democratic election marking the completion of a transition to democracy.

73
Q

Democratic consolidation

A

Idea that democracy has become willing accepted as the permanent form of political activity.

74
Q

International Capital Flow

A

Movement of money across international borders.

75
Q

Comparative Institutional Advantage

A

Varies institutionalized relationships in each kind of economy are complementary; the institutions work together to provide better benefits than the single one alone.

76
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A

Target to reduce poverty and hunger, improve education and health, improve the status of women, and improve environmental sustainability.

Comparative Politics (1 decks)

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