Final Exam Flashcards
What is the average depth of the ocean
3800 meters
For every ___ meters depth increase, pressure increases ___ atm.
10, 1
defined as the ocean below either 200 or 1000 meters
deep sea
Characterized by low temperature (approximately 2-4°C) and high hydrostatic pressure (up to 1,500 atm in the Mindanao Trench) and no sunlight
deep sea
____ necessary for photosynthesis does not penetrate to these depths and thus there is ___ and this affects ____at these depths
Sunlight, low food availability, the adaptations of organisms
have characteristic depth distribution patterns which may be affected by pressure
deep sea species
acts on volume changes (of the entire solute-solvent system).
pressure
___ pressure inhibits a process that proceeds with a ___volume change and accelerates a process that proceeds with a ___ volume change.
increased, positive, negative
Only if there is no ______change is a process unaffected by pressure increases.
net volume
(not attached to vessel), e.g., “monster” cameras
free vehicles
Johnson Sea Link, Alvin
deep submergence vehicles
Owned by the U.S. Navy and operated by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
1966 recovered a hydrogen bomb lost in the Mediterranean Sea
Explored the hydrothermal vents; surveyed the Titanic
HOV Alvin (Human Occupied Vehicle)
The Story of Alvin’s Lunch
in the fall 1969 Alvin sank in 1540 m (water temperature 3°C) and was recovered 11 months later
On board were lunches for pilot and 2 scientists
Bullion soup, bologna sandwich with mayonnaise, apples
Samples were eaten and they were “okay”
Some put back in refrigerator at 3°C
Decayed in 3 weeks
Sparked interest in metabolic rates in the deep sea which continues to today
Biologically produced light used for (among a number of roles) species recognition, camouflage and in some cases hunting
bioluminescence
play role in “being invisible”
bioluminescence and color
___ wavelengths of light penetrate to ____ depths
different, different
Typical wavelengths of bioluminescence are in the ___
blue range
These fish belong to the family Macrouridae and are the predominant deep-sea teleost (boney) fish family.
Rattails
These fish also have the “common” name of grenadiers.
If one is interested in examining how organisms adapt to the high pressures of the deep sea, this family of fishes provides a useful model. Different rattail species occupy different depths and thus experience different pressure regimes. One can compare species that differ primarily in the variable of interest, hydrostatic pressure, without possible confounding variables such as phylogenetic distance or different lifestyles or body temperatures.
Rattails
The color of biolouminescent light is typically
blue
Metabolic rates in the deep ocean are typically slower than in comparable shallow-living organisms with similar body temperatures.
true
In deep-living angler fish, the female is a parasite on the male.
false
Volume changes in metabolic biochemical reactions may result from changes in the organization of water
true
At the average depth of the ocean, the hydrostatic pressure is
380 atm
Put these in the correct order for the activity cycle of a G protein:
a. GTP hydrolyzed
b. subunits dissociate
c. a hormone binds to a GPCR
d. GTP replaces GDP
d. c, d, b, a
Protein Kinase A consists of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. cAMP binds to the regulatory subunit, causing the protein to dissociate into a regulatory dimer and two catalytic subunits.
true
Signal transduction pathways benefit cells for all of the following reasons except
they help cells use up phosphate generated by ATP breakdown
Which G protein subunit has an intrinsic GTPase activity?
alpha
Lipid-soluble signal molecules, such as testosterone, cross the membranes of all cells but affect only target cells because
intracellular receptors are present only in target cells
Consider this pathway: epinephrine, G-protein-linked receptor, G protein, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP. Identify the second messenger.
cAMP
