Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

physiological health psychology > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What are the anatomical directions? What does each term mean?

A

(relative to the neuroaxis)
ANTERIOR (rostral): toward head or “beak”
POSTERIOR (caudal): toward tail
VENTRAL (inferior): toward “belly”
DORSAL (superior): toward back (or top of head)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system? What are they made up of?

A

(1) CENTRAL nervous system (CNS) is comprised of BRAIN and SPINAL CORD
(2) PERIPHERAL nervous system (PNS) is comprised of cranial/spinal NERVES and PERIPHERAL GANGLIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the MENINGES LAYERS? What is their order?

A 
A series of membranes, PROTECTS brain and spinal cord:
DURA MATER ("tough mother") - outer layer
ARACHNOID mater ("spider mother") - middle layer
PIA MATER ("tender mother") - inner layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

The CHOROID PLEXUS of each ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is an access point for drug studies?

A

The brain VENTRICLES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can happen when brain cells are lost (as in alcoholism or certain diseases)?

A

The brain ventricles can EXPAND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is HYDOCEPHALUS?

A

ENLARGEMENT of brain ventricles (and subsequent brain damage), caused by obstruction to CSF flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the major divisions of the brain?

A

FOREBRAIN, MIDBRAIN, HINDBRAIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the subdivisions (and principal structures) of the FOREBRAIN?

A

Surrounding the two lateral ventricles is TELENCEPHALON (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system)

Surrounding third ventricle is DIENCEPHALON (thalamus, hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the subdivisions (and principal structures) of the MIDBRAIN?

A

MESENCEPHALON (tectum, tegmentum) forms the cerebral aqueduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the subdivisions (and principal structures) of the HINDBRAIN?

A

Surrounding fourth ventricle is METENCEPHALON (cerebellum, pons)

MYELENCEPHALON (medulla oblongata)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the CEREBRAL CORTEX?

A
  • the outer surface of the cerebral hemispheres
  • surface is convoluted by small grooves (sulci) and large grooves (fissures)
  • bulges in cortex (gyri)
  • primarily composed of cells (6 layers), giving it gray appearance
  • can be divided into 4 lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the SMALL grooves on the surface of the cortex called?

A

SULCI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the LARGE grooves on the surface of the cortex called?

A

FISSURES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the bulges in the cortex called?

A

GYRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The cortex can be divided into 4 LOBES, what are they?

A

FRONTAL (motor)
PARIETAL (somatosensory)
OCCIPITAL (visual)
TEMPORAL (auditory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

In what lobe is the VISUAL CORTEX?

hint: sounds like ocular

A

OCCIPITAL lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what lobe is the AUDITORY CORTEX?

hint: metronome

A

TEMPORAL lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In what lobe is the SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX?

hint: sounds like pariah

A

PARIETAL lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

In what lobe is the MOTOR CORTEX?

hint: __ attack

A

FRONTAL lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the LIMBIC SYSTEM comprised of?

A

HIPPOCAMPUS (learning & memory)
AMYGDALA (emotion)
MAMMILLARY BODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the name of the fiber bundle that interconnects the HIPPOCAMPUS with the MAMMILLARY BODIES?

A

FORNIX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What structures are in the DIENCEPHALON?

A

THALAMUS

HYPOTHALAMUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the THALAMUS do?

A

receives sensory info, transmits it to cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What does the HYPOTHALAMUS do?

A

controls AUTONOMIC system and PITUITARY, and integrates SPECIES-typical behaviors (i.e., controls the 4 Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What structures are associated with the HYPOTHALAMUS?

A

OPTIC CHIASM (where optic nerves cross sides of brain) is right in front of pituitary stalk

PITUITARY GLAND (attached to base of hypothalamus via pituitary stalk):
ANTERIOR ("the master gland," secretes gonadotropic hormones) is connected to hypothalamus by blood vessels;
POSTERIOR (secretes oxytocin and vasopressin) is connected to hypothalamus by neurons/axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the vertebral sections of spinal nerves?

hint: 31 pairs of nerves total

A

CERVICAL (neck, shoulders, arms, hands) 8 pairs of nerves (C1-C8)
THORACIC (control muscles and glands, receive sensory input from shoulders, chest, upper abdomen) 12 pairs of nerves (T1-T12)
LUMBAR (lower abdomen, hips, legs) 5 pairs of nerves (L1-L5)
SACRAL (genitals, lower digestive tract) 5 pairs of nerves (S1-S5)
COCCYGEAL (tailbone) 1 pair (CO1)

28
Q

What are the peripheral nervous system (PNS) subdivisions? What does each do?

A 
SOMATIC (voluntary) controls muscle action, carries sensory info back to CNS, comprised by:
CRANIAL NERVES (12)
SPINAL NERVES (31)

AUTONOMIC (involuntary) governs smooth muscle, and gland secretion:

  • PARAsympathetic (rest-or-digest)
  • SYMPATHETIC (fight-or-flight)
29
Q

What are the subdivisions of the AUTONOMIC subdivision of the PNS?

A
  • PARAsympathetic (rest-and-digest) supports activities that increase energy
  • SYMPATHETIC (fight-or-flight) arousal and expenditures of energy
30
Q

What are the cranial nerves, and their associated functions?

(hint: 12 pairs of nerves total)

A 
OLFACTORY (smell)
OPTIC (vision)
OCULOMOTOR, TROCHLEAR, ABDUCENS (eye movements)
TRIGEMINAL (touch, pain, jaw muscles)
FACIAL (face muscles, taste)
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR (hearing, balance)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (taste, swallowing)
VAGUS (internal thoracic and abdominal organs) 
ACCESSORY (neck muscles)
HYPOGLOSSAL (tongue movements)
31
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in smell?

A

OLFACTORY

32
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in vision?

A

OPTIC

33
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in eye movements?

A

OCULOMOTOR
TROCHLEAR
ABDUCENS

34
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in touch, pain, jaw muscles?

A

TRIGEMINAL

35
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in face muscles and taste?

A

FACIAL

36
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in hearing and balance?

A

VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR

37
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in taste and swallowing?

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

38
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in internal thoracic and abdominal organs?

A

VAGUS

39
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in neck muscles?

A

ACCESSORY

40
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in tongue movements?

A

HYPOGLOSSAL

41
Q

What are four histological methods of fixation and sectioning?

A

FIXATIVE
FORMALIN
PERFUSION
MICROTOME

42
Q

What is a chemical (e.g., formalin) used to prepare and preserve body tissue?

A

FIXATIVE

43
Q

What is the aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas?

A

FORMALIN

44
Q

What is the process by which an animal’s blood is replaced by a fluid such as saline or a fixative in preparing the brain for histological exam?

A

PERFUSION

45
Q

What is an instrument that produces very thin slices of body tissues?

A

MICROTOME

46
Q

What methods are used to visualize a living human brain?

A
  • Computerized Tomography (CT) uses x-ray beam to produce 2D picture of a “slice” through the body
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) uses a magnetic field and radio waves to excite hydrogen molecules
47
Q

What is the VEP?

A

Has unique capability to provide quantitative info on the dynamics of the visual pathways in an ACCESSIBLE and NONINVASIVE manner

48
Q

What is Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)? What is it used for?

A
  • Stimulation of cerebral cortex by magnetic fields produced by electricity pulses through a coil of wire placed next to skull [uses coil of wire to stimulate cortex]
  • Stimulation temporarily disrupts the functions of the stimulated brain region [can either excite the brain region or interfere with its functions, depending on strength and pattern of stimulation (Carlson ch.5 p.154)]
49
Q

What is the visible spectrum?

A

Electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from about 400-700 nm

50
Q

What wavelengths constitute the stimuli transduced by the visual system?

A

Visible light [the part of the electromagnetic spectrum we can see]

51
Q

What are the perceptual correlates (the three dimensions of perceived light)?

A

BRIGHTNESS (intensity)
HUE (wavelength)
SATURATION (purity of spectrum)

52
Q

What are the various problems in physiological optics?

A 
CATARACTS
PRESBYOPIA
MYOPIA
HYPEROPIA
ASTIGMATISM
53
Q

What is CATARACTS?

A

Opacities that develop in lens and interfere with vision

54
Q

What is PRESBYOPIA?

A

Inability to focus on near objects due to increased LENS stiffness with AGING

55
Q

What is MYOPIA?

A

Inability to see distant objects clearly (NEARSIGHTED, eyeball too long)

56
Q

What is HYPEROPIA?

A

Inability to see near objects clearly (FARSIGHTED, eyeball too short)

57
Q

What is ASTIGMATISM?

A

Blurring of light in a particular orientation that results when surface of cornea or lens is not spherical (but has cylindrical component)

58
Q

What is the central region of the retina that mediates HIGHEST ACUITY, and contains ONLY CONES?

A

FOVEA

59
Q

What are PHOTOPIGMENTS and their structure?

A
  • Light-absorbing molecules in LAMELLAE of photoreceptors [responsible for transduction of visual info]
  • Consist of OPSIN (protein base) and RETINAL (a lipid)
60
Q

What is an ON-center cell?

A
  • DEPOLARIZES (releases MORE excitatory NT) to light falling on its receptive field center
  • BRIGHTER stimuli (in center) stimulates ganglion cell
61
Q

What is an OFF-center cell?

A
  • HYPERPOLARIZES (releases LESS excitatory NT) to light falling on its receptive field center
  • DARKER stimuli (in center) stimulates ganglion cell
62
Q

What is a VISUAL RECEPTIVE FIELD?

A

The region of the visual field capable of influencing a given neuron’s firing rate (increase or decrease in activity)

63
Q

What is the VISUAL ASSOCIATION CORTEX generally? What is its role in vision?

A

Receives and sends visual info via two streams:
DORSAL (“where” an object is) receives magnocellular input, projects to post parietal association cortex
VENTRAL (“what” an object it) receives magno and parvocellular input, projects to extrastriate cortex and inferior temporal cortex

64
Q

What AREAS are in the visual association cortex?

A

V4 (color and form perception)
V5 (movement)
TEO (color and 2D pattern discrimination)
TE (3D objects, e.g., a face, a hand)

65
Q

What is the CORPUS CALLOSUM?

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

66
Q

What is the FUSIFORM REGION? What happens when it’s damaged?

A
  • A region of the visual association cortex, involved in FACE PERCEPTION
  • PROSOPAGNOSIA (failure to recognize faces)

physiological health psychology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions