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Geology 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Big Bang

A

A cataclysmic explosion that scientists suggest represents the formation of the universe

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2
Q

Light Year

A

Measures distance that light will travel one year

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3
Q

Blue Waves vs Red Waves

A

Blue has higher frequency, compress light and Red waves lower frequency, expanding light

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4
Q

Universe Age

A

18.7 Billion Years

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5
Q

Earth Age

A

4.5 Billion Years

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6
Q

Atmosphere Elements

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen

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7
Q

Earth Elements

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon and Magnesium

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8
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

The smaller the star, the longer it burns

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9
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outermost layer of the Earth

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10
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Upper mantle of the Earth directly below lithosphere

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11
Q

Terrestrial Planet

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

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12
Q

Jovian Planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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13
Q

Polar Wander

A

The Lack of paleomagnetism alignment from ancient lavas shows polar wandering

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14
Q

Magnetic Reversals

A

Magnetism varies perpendicular to the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Anomalies are linear belts parallel instead.

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15
Q

Theory of Plate Tetonics

A

Wegener. Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading

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16
Q

Divergent Motion

A

Pulls away (Spreading, Mid-Ocean Ridge)

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17
Q

Convergent Motion

A

Pushes Together (Subduction, Trench, Consuming)

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18
Q

Transform Motion

A

Slide Past each other

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Atoms gain or lose outer electron

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20
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Atoms share electrons

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21
Q

Metallic Bond

A

Electrons migrate between atoms

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22
Q

Polymorphs

A

Same compositions, different structures

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23
Q

Clevage

A

Tendency to break along a plane

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24
Q

Fracture

A

Lack of planes to break along

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25
Q

Luster

A

How light is scattered when it hits

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26
Q

Streak

A

The color crushed minerals makes

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27
Q

Hardness

A

Scratching Resistance

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28
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock flowing on to the Earth’s surface

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29
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock under the Earth’s surface

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30
Q

Pluton

A

Irregular or blob shaped intrusion

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31
Q

Guyot

A

A seamount that has a coral reef growing on top of it so it is now flat crested

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32
Q

Geotherm

A

The change in temperature with depth in the Earth

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33
Q

Fractional Crystallization

A

Magma more silic as it coools

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34
Q

Partial Melting

A

Meting of mineral with lowest melting temperatures only

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35
Q

Assimilation

A

The process of magma contamination where rock wall falls into magma and dissolves

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36
Q

Stoping

A

Magma intruding

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37
Q

Xenoliths

A

A relief of wall rock surrounded by intrusive rock when it cooles

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38
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

Minerals solidify in a specific series

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39
Q

Mafic vs. Felsic

A

(Orignial, hotter temperature) vs. (Settled minerals, cooled)

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40
Q

Aphanitic

A

Finely crystalline magma, rapid cooling, no crystal growth, extrusive

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41
Q

Phaneritic

A

slow cooling, coarse crystalline, long growth and intrusive

42
Q

Porphyrictic

A

a mixture of aphanitic and phaneritic magma

43
Q

Glassy

A

Very rapid cooling of lava in water or air

44
Q

Fragmental/Pyroclastic

A

Preexisting shattered by eruption

45
Q

Pele’s Hair-

A

Strands of glass created by flying lava droplets

46
Q

Lahar

A

Tephra moved by water as debris flows

47
Q

Shield Volcano

A

Dome shaped

48
Q

Cinder Valcano

A

Cinder shaped, the smallest

49
Q

Stratovolcanoes

A

Large, cone shaped, what we think of as a “Normal” volcano

50
Q

Clastic Rocks

A

Sedimentary rock made from weathered rocks

51
Q

Biochemical Rocks

A

Sedimentary rock cemented shells of organisms

52
Q

Chemical Rocks

A

Sedimentary rock that are carbon-rich remains of plants

53
Q

Organic Rocks

A

Sedimentary rock made of minerals that crystallize directly from water

54
Q

Ripples

A

In ridges and troughs, indicate flow of water

55
Q

Breccia

A

Comprised of angular fragments, indicats a lack of transport

56
Q

Sandstone

A

A clastic rock made of sand-sized particles

57
Q

Arkose

A

Sandstone that contains abundant feldspar

58
Q

Shale

A

Clay sized particles form shale when its a fine clastic

59
Q

Proliths

A

Parent Rocks of a metamorphic rock

60
Q

Causes of Metamorphism

A

Heat, Pressure, Compression, Hot water

61
Q

Stress vs. Sheer

A

Sheer is pressure on an object causing a sliding motion

62
Q

Foliated vs. Nonfoliated

A

Foliated has planar fabric, and nonfoliated does not

63
Q

Slate

A

Fine clay, low-grade metamorhpic shale

64
Q

Phylilite

A

Fine mica-rich rock

65
Q

Schist

A

Fine or coarse rock with larger micas, often has other minerals in it

66
Q

Gneiss

A

Distinct band foliation

67
Q

Migmatite

A

Partially melted gneiss

68
Q

Amphibolite

A

Dominated by amphibole minerals

69
Q

Hornfels

A

Alteration by heating

70
Q

Quartzite

A

Almost pure quartz xompostion, forms by alteration of quartz sandstone

71
Q

Marble

A

Coarsely crystalline calcite or dolomite

72
Q

Shields

A

Large regions of ancient high-grade rocks are exposed Precambrian metamorphic rocks in continental interiors

73
Q

Footwall

A

Block below fault

74
Q

Hanging wall

A

Block above the fault

75
Q

Normal Fault

A

Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall

76
Q

Reverse fault

A

Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall

77
Q

Thrust Fault

A

Special kind of reverse fault less than 35 degrees

78
Q

Strike Slip

A

Blocks move past each other

79
Q

Oblique slip fault

A

Combo of a dip-slip and strike slips

80
Q

P waves

A

Push-Pull, Fastest Waves, Travel through solids, liquids and gases

81
Q

S waves

A

Shaking motion, travel only through solids, slower

82
Q

Surface Waves

A

Love waves- S waves intersecting surface. Snake.
Rayleigh Waves-P waves intersecting the surface. Move like ripples on a pond.
slowest but most destructive.

83
Q

Hypocenter

A

Spot within the Eath where the earthquake waves originate

84
Q

Epicenter

A

Land surface above the hypocenter

85
Q

Shallow Earthquake

A

0-20 KM

86
Q

Intermediate and Deep Earthquakes

A

Occur on Wadati-Benioff zone, Intermediate 20-300 KM and Deep is 300-670 KM

87
Q

Isostasy

A

Compensation after a disturbance of the balance between forces in the crust

88
Q

Isostatic Equilibruim

A

The balance between pullling plates to mantle and floating plates on top of the mantle

89
Q

Anticline

A

Arch-like fold; limbs dip away from the hinge

90
Q

Syncline

A

Trough-like fold, limbs dip toward the hinge

91
Q

Monocline

A

A fold like a carpet draped over a stairstep

92
Q

Domes

A

Fold with appearance of an overturned bowl

93
Q

Basin

A

Fold shaped like a bowl

94
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The present is the key to the past

95
Q

Unconformities

A

A time gap in the rock record due to non-deposition or erosion

96
Q

Angular Unconformity

A

Huge gulf in time

97
Q

Nonconformity

A

Metamorphic or igneous rocks overlain by sedimentary strata

98
Q

Disconformity

A

Parallel strata bracketing non-deposition

99
Q

Isotopes

A

Elements that have varying numbers of neutrons

100
Q

Atomic Number

A

The number of protons in an element

101
Q

Atomic Mass

A

The total mass of protons, neutrons and Electrons in a single atom.

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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