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Geology 101 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Big Bang

A

A cataclysmic explosion that scientists suggest represents the formation of the universe

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2
Q

Light Year

A

Measures distance that light will travel one year

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3
Q

Blue Waves vs Red Waves

A

Blue has higher frequency, compress light and Red waves lower frequency, expanding light

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4
Q

Universe Age

A

18.7 Billion Years

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5
Q

Earth Age

A

4.5 Billion Years

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6
Q

Atmosphere Elements

A

Nitrogen and Oxygen

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7
Q

Earth Elements

A

Iron, Oxygen, Silicon and Magnesium

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8
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

The smaller the star, the longer it burns

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9
Q

Lithosphere

A

Outermost layer of the Earth

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10
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Upper mantle of the Earth directly below lithosphere

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11
Q

Terrestrial Planet

A

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

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12
Q

Jovian Planets

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

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13
Q

Polar Wander

A

The Lack of paleomagnetism alignment from ancient lavas shows polar wandering

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14
Q

Magnetic Reversals

A

Magnetism varies perpendicular to the Mid-Ocean Ridge. Anomalies are linear belts parallel instead.

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15
Q

Theory of Plate Tetonics

A

Wegener. Continental Drift and Sea Floor Spreading

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16
Q

Divergent Motion

A

Pulls away (Spreading, Mid-Ocean Ridge)

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17
Q

Convergent Motion

A

Pushes Together (Subduction, Trench, Consuming)

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18
Q

Transform Motion

A

Slide Past each other

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19
Q

Ionic Bond

A

Atoms gain or lose outer electron

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20
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Atoms share electrons

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21
Q

Metallic Bond

A

Electrons migrate between atoms

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22
Q

Polymorphs

A

Same compositions, different structures

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23
Q

Clevage

A

Tendency to break along a plane

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24
Q

Fracture

A

Lack of planes to break along

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25
Luster
How light is scattered when it hits
26
Streak
The color crushed minerals makes
27
Hardness
Scratching Resistance
28
Lava
Molten rock flowing on to the Earth's surface
29
Magma
Molten rock under the Earth's surface
30
Pluton
Irregular or blob shaped intrusion
31
Guyot
A seamount that has a coral reef growing on top of it so it is now flat crested
32
Geotherm
The change in temperature with depth in the Earth
33
Fractional Crystallization
Magma more silic as it coools
34
Partial Melting
Meting of mineral with lowest melting temperatures only
35
Assimilation
The process of magma contamination where rock wall falls into magma and dissolves
36
Stoping
Magma intruding
37
Xenoliths
A relief of wall rock surrounded by intrusive rock when it cooles
38
Bowen's Reaction Series
Minerals solidify in a specific series
39
Mafic vs. Felsic
(Orignial, hotter temperature) vs. (Settled minerals, cooled)
40
Aphanitic
Finely crystalline magma, rapid cooling, no crystal growth, extrusive
41
Phaneritic
slow cooling, coarse crystalline, long growth and intrusive
42
Porphyrictic
a mixture of aphanitic and phaneritic magma
43
Glassy
Very rapid cooling of lava in water or air
44
Fragmental/Pyroclastic
Preexisting shattered by eruption
45
Pele's Hair-
Strands of glass created by flying lava droplets
46
Lahar
Tephra moved by water as debris flows
47
Shield Volcano
Dome shaped
48
Cinder Valcano
Cinder shaped, the smallest
49
Stratovolcanoes
Large, cone shaped, what we think of as a "Normal" volcano
50
Clastic Rocks
Sedimentary rock made from weathered rocks
51
Biochemical Rocks
Sedimentary rock cemented shells of organisms
52
Chemical Rocks
Sedimentary rock that are carbon-rich remains of plants
53
Organic Rocks
Sedimentary rock made of minerals that crystallize directly from water
54
Ripples
In ridges and troughs, indicate flow of water
55
Breccia
Comprised of angular fragments, indicats a lack of transport
56
Sandstone
A clastic rock made of sand-sized particles
57
Arkose
Sandstone that contains abundant feldspar
58
Shale
Clay sized particles form shale when its a fine clastic
59
Proliths
Parent Rocks of a metamorphic rock
60
Causes of Metamorphism
Heat, Pressure, Compression, Hot water
61
Stress vs. Sheer
Sheer is pressure on an object causing a sliding motion
62
Foliated vs. Nonfoliated
Foliated has planar fabric, and nonfoliated does not
63
Slate
Fine clay, low-grade metamorhpic shale
64
Phylilite
Fine mica-rich rock
65
Schist
Fine or coarse rock with larger micas, often has other minerals in it
66
Gneiss
Distinct band foliation
67
Migmatite
Partially melted gneiss
68
Amphibolite
Dominated by amphibole minerals
69
Hornfels
Alteration by heating
70
Quartzite
Almost pure quartz xompostion, forms by alteration of quartz sandstone
71
Marble
Coarsely crystalline calcite or dolomite
72
Shields
Large regions of ancient high-grade rocks are exposed Precambrian metamorphic rocks in continental interiors
73
Footwall
Block below fault
74
Hanging wall
Block above the fault
75
Normal Fault
Hanging wall moves down relative to footwall
76
Reverse fault
Hanging wall moves up relative to footwall
77
Thrust Fault
Special kind of reverse fault less than 35 degrees
78
Strike Slip
Blocks move past each other
79
Oblique slip fault
Combo of a dip-slip and strike slips
80
P waves
Push-Pull, Fastest Waves, Travel through solids, liquids and gases
81
S waves
Shaking motion, travel only through solids, slower
82
Surface Waves
Love waves- S waves intersecting surface. Snake. Rayleigh Waves-P waves intersecting the surface. Move like ripples on a pond. slowest but most destructive.
83
Hypocenter
Spot within the Eath where the earthquake waves originate
84
Epicenter
Land surface above the hypocenter
85
Shallow Earthquake
0-20 KM
86
Intermediate and Deep Earthquakes
Occur on Wadati-Benioff zone, Intermediate 20-300 KM and Deep is 300-670 KM
87
Isostasy
Compensation after a disturbance of the balance between forces in the crust
88
Isostatic Equilibruim
The balance between pullling plates to mantle and floating plates on top of the mantle
89
Anticline
Arch-like fold; limbs dip away from the hinge
90
Syncline
Trough-like fold, limbs dip toward the hinge
91
Monocline
A fold like a carpet draped over a stairstep
92
Domes
Fold with appearance of an overturned bowl
93
Basin
Fold shaped like a bowl
94
Uniformitarianism
The present is the key to the past
95
Unconformities
A time gap in the rock record due to non-deposition or erosion
96
Angular Unconformity
Huge gulf in time
97
Nonconformity
Metamorphic or igneous rocks overlain by sedimentary strata
98
Disconformity
Parallel strata bracketing non-deposition
99
Isotopes
Elements that have varying numbers of neutrons
100
Atomic Number
The number of protons in an element
101
Atomic Mass
The total mass of protons, neutrons and Electrons in a single atom.

Geology 101 (1 decks)

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