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HSci > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Lewis Mumford

A

early 1900s. Rural Expansion
Wanted to decentralize power and create rural towns by using hydroelectric power and providing them with technology. Wanted to improve life for all and create regions. Urban setting too polluted and crowded. Need government oversite, not private enterprise.

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2
Q

Henry Ford

A

Early 1900s. Rural Expansion
agreed with Mumford that rural towns should be provided with more technology, but that this should be done by private enterprise.

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3
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A

Early 1900s. Rural Expansion
This should not be done by private enterprise because they just want profit, need government oversite as Mumford thought. (power plant at the source of the coal?)
Pennsylvania’s Plan for “Giant Power” (1925)

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4
Q

FDR

A

elected 1932. Rural Expansion

Believed the Fed Govt needed to play a larger role. Created New Deal. Rural Electrification Act (1936). TVA Act (1933)

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5
Q

Stalin

A

Takes over Russia in 1924 when Lenin dies.

Industrialize and rebuild the nation: 5 year plans. Complete centralized control.

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6
Q

Russian Industrialization in the 1920-30s

A

Farmers (forced) joined co-ops where government owned land and equipment–failed. Public welfare and education.
Fordism and Taylorism: could use unskilled workers, focused on efficiency and scientific management. Lack of global vision led to the failure.

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7
Q

Magnitogorsk

A

Steel mill in Russia modeled after Gary, Indiana. Part of the 5 year plan. Not planned out well, built by large iron ore reserve, but not good transportation system. Lack of global vision.

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8
Q

Dnieper River Dam

A

modeled after American ideas, used Hugh Cooper an American engineer. Not planned well: very wide river so it flows slowly, needs HUGE turbines to gather enough energy, displaced many people, huge flood plain. “great” display of Soviet engineers but drew on several other countries for help such as US, Germany and Sweden.

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9
Q

U.S. TVA vs. Soviet engineering

A

U.S.-regional planning
Soviet-centralized
both: show the world their power and build nationalism. took place in times of economic crisis

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10
Q

Vannevar Bush

A

National Defense Research Committee and Office of Scientific Research and Development. Wrote “Science–the Endless Frontier” advocating for more government involvement in science (funding education, research, an agency)

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11
Q

Science the Endless Frontier, Vannevar Bush

A 
Scientific progress is essential
the war against disease (penicillin)
public welfare, national security
renewal of scientific talent
research from wartime should be public
creation of oversite body is essential
government funded, under scientific control "for the people, by the elite"
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12
Q

Enn’co Fermi

A

1st self-sustaining nuclear pile-1942 at University if Chicago

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13
Q

Leslie Groves

A

engineer and military leader. Manhattan Engineering District

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14
Q

J. Robert Oppenheimer

A

in charge of Los Alamos

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15
Q

Senator Harley Kilgore

A

ideas very different that Bush’s

New Deal and TVAesque. The government should be in charge, govt run but people based

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16
Q

Office of Naval Research

A

in some ways took the place of the OSRD (office of scientific research and development)
Military based vs. NSF civilian based

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17
Q

National Science Foundation

A

civilian based

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18
Q

Atomic Energy Commision

A

hybrid of ONR and NSF. estab 1946

Also combines May-Johnson Act and McMahon Bill after relations between Soviets and U.S. deteriorate

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19
Q

May-Johnson Act

A

October 1945. advocated complete military control of nuclear power. supported by Conant, Bush and Oppenheimer. scientists of the Manhattan project outraged–they wanted to minimize external control and have scientific freedom
scientists begin advocating against this and gaining popularity

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20
Q

McMahon Bill

A

December 1945. against May-Johnson Act. when the relation btwn the Soviet Union and U.S. deteriorate, the bills are combined to form the AEC

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21
Q

International Geophysical Year

A

science and foreign policy are not separate, they work best when both are working well.
research on atmosphere, oceanographic, antarctic (Operation Deep Freeze, military funded), Earth Satellite Project (scientific, strategic, or both?)

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22
Q

James Franck

A

Worked in Metallurgical Lab (Chicago). About 2 months before the bombs were dropped, he wrote a letter, with others, warning against the dangers, he didn’t like the direction it was going

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23
Q

Lloyd Berkner

A

1905-1967. Physicist and engineer, radio waves and communication (IGY)

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24
Q

Roger Revelle

A

IGY. oceanographic research

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25
Q

Charles Keeling

A

atmospheric CO2

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26
Q

Manhattan District Sites vs. National Labratories

A

a mix between who is in charge. military and science

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27
Q

Atomic bomb: science, technology, and government

A

the atomic bomb created a huge change in the relationship between these things by intertwining them

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28
Q

Eisenhauer and technology

A

Eisenhauer was reluctant to embrace technology, but he did initiate much reform such as science education.

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29
Q

Soviets and technology

A

not reluctant to embrace technology. was them launching Sputnik 1st showing that their communism was more efficient?

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30
Q

AEC and effects of nuclear science

A

very concerned about the effects.

Project Gabriel identified Sr90 as a big threat because of its long half life.

31
Q

Raymond Lindeman

A

put the ideas of Ecosystem Concept and Biogeochemistry together

32
Q

Eugene and Tom Odum

A

ecosystem study at the Eniwetok Atoll in 1954. This was the beginning of a relationship between AEC and ecologists

33
Q

Big Science

A

science that is funded and promoted by the government. much of the research done in big science would be impossible without large sums of money, but it is possible that the govt sways the objectivity of science.

34
Q

Ernest Lawrence

A

Radiation Lab at Berkley. made 1st cyclotron, this becomes a huge machine…bigger and better–>Big Science

35
Q

Alvin Weinberg

A

director of Oakridge in 1955. Coined term Big Science.

36
Q

Biology vs Physics

A

Physics was widely popular and used in WWII, afterward biology wanted to gain ground. NSF money went to build labs called biotrons and phytotrons after cyclotron. IGY also

37
Q

Alpha Helix

A

scripps boat, laboratory on water

38
Q

Tension in biology in 60s and 70s

A

what do we focus on, the big stuff or molecular biology

39
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

mapped the Drosophila gene in 1910.

Also disturbed by immigration law within eugenics

40
Q

Neurospore

A

led to the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis in 1941.

41
Q

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Experiment

A
  1. Found DNA to be hereditary material. goes unnoticed until 1952 and the Hershey-Chase Experiment
42
Q

Watson and Crick

A

find double helix structure of DNA using Rosalind Franklin’s x-ray diffraction image

43
Q

Stanley Cohen and Herb Boyer

A

do what Paul Berg of Stanford had originally stopped short of and put DNA into a bacteria. Patent issue and founding of Genetech by Boyer.

44
Q

Asilomar Conference

A
  1. Scientists wanted to make sure there were guidelines on recombinant DNA research to help ensure safety and minimize risk by containment. Proactive risk prevention BY THE SCIENTISTS. After the Watergate Scandal, biologists wanted public transparency.
45
Q

Cohen, Boyer and patents

A

Cohen very precautious. Can you patent a basic scientific method? Wanted to give credit to all contributors as is the tradition in science. Patenting something that was funded by the government through a university–university are supposed to provide information for all, patents make it private. Could promote commercial development, and help Stanford make $ and support future research and education. Now there are patents and proprietary information where there was once free information flow.

46
Q

Frederick Sanger

A

sequenced human insulin in 1958

47
Q

The speed of DNA technology

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction 1983
Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis 1984
Automated Fluorescence Sequencing 1985

48
Q

Human Genome Project

A

The Department of Energy was interested right away. Is this important research? Should this time and money be used for other things? Should we give into top down, big money projects? Science and technology drive each other.

49
Q

Marxist view

A

economics is the engine that drives history

50
Q

World’s Colombian Exposition

A

Chicago 1893. America trying to show it can be class like the old world, but doing it bigger and better. “White City” because it was lit up at night

51
Q

Morril Act of 1862

A

Because of the Civil War the technology industry needed to grow in order to supply the war with weapons, etc. Previously, there was not much technologic education. This Act granted federal money and land to states to establish technical schools

52
Q

Progressive Era

A

1890-1920s, followed the Gilded Age.
Conservation of natural resources, control Big Business & stabilize the market, many social reform movements such as prohibition, education, food safety, exercise, women, eugenics. Need to create better citizens so there will be better workers who can get paid more and stimulate the economy

53
Q

Frederick Winslow Taylor

A

Scientific management, the workers are part of the machine, timed experiments, breaking everything into component parts, very centralized, use of systems to increase efficiency

54
Q

Taylorism, Soviet Union

A

both very centralized, all about efficiency and time contraints (timed experiments and 5 year plan)

55
Q

Henry Ford

A

flow, efficiency and higher production, more for less, keeping prices low, high employee turnover, assembly line, replaceable parts, controlling from the coal to the car

56
Q

Thorstein Veblen

A

“Theory of the Leisure Class,”“Engineers and The Price System.” Conspicuous consumption, people just buying to show they’re wealthy and not contributing to society. Engineers should be in charge.

57
Q

Diane Paul, Controlling Human Heredity

A

scientific ideals are socially plastic within time, place, background, political views

  • eugenics, Galton vs. Wallace vs. Hitler
  • scientific management, Taylor and Soviet Union
  • tissue ownership, scientist who does the work vs. person whose tissue it is
  • even within the same person, Manhattan project scientists
58
Q

Francis Galton

A

1822-1911. physical, moral, and mental traits can be inherited and the environment plays no role. hard heredity. people with higher intellectual ability, etc should be the ones mating

59
Q

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck

A

1747-1829. inheritance of acquired characteristics. French naturalist. the environment plays a crucial role, aka education etc can have a positive effect

60
Q

Charles Darwin

A

natural selection. possibly believes in soft heredity, but how does it work–pangenesis?

61
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

also pioneer of natural selection, spiritualist, socialist, working class background, wanted to equalize wealth.

62
Q

August Weismann

A

had the idea of germ and somatic cells, continuity of germ plasm

63
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

work with pea plants shows that environment does not play a role, no point in social help. feebleminded traits can be hidden by carriers and then passed on. leads eugenicists to want to control breeding and stop reform movements such as education

64
Q

The Jukes vs The Kallikaks

A

The Jukes in 1874 promoted welfare. After the new science of Weismann and Mendel the Kallikaks in 1912 had the message that you must keep the bad from procreating

65
Q

Eugenics Record Office

A

Founded by Charles Davenport. Taylorism. controlled reproduction. trained scientists, the elite using science to better society

66
Q

Harry Laughlin

A

encouraged states to enact sterilization laws and promoted propaganda for the ERO

67
Q

Henry Goddard

A

Vineland Training School. Somewhat agreed with sterilization. Info from Alfred Binet (Binet-Simon Test) makes system for grading mental deficiency, popularized psychological IQ tests.

68
Q

Immigration

A

immigration laws put in place, restrictionism. Immigrants having more children than Americans leading to differential birthrate which is bad because immigrants were scoring low on American biased intelligence tests. Government in control

69
Q

Johnson-Reed Immigration Act

A

restricts immigration to get less SE Europeans.

70
Q

Margaret Sanger

A

promotes birth control and women having more say. (genetic testing?)

71
Q

Hydroelectric Power at Niagra

A

late 1800s. used AC by Westinghouse. basically ended the war of AC and DC with Edison.

72
Q

Arther E. Morgan (engineer)

A

Governing commissioner of the TVA. discounted the specialist, system and planning focused

73
Q

Hydroelectric Power as a vehicle of social change

A

enabled electrification for many more people, enabling the use of technology for many more, improving the standard of living

74
Q

David Lilienthal (lawyer)

A

also commissioner for TVA. focused on public power and economic development, not enthusiastic about Arthur Morgan’s broad-scale planning approach. Later the first chairmen of the AEC

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