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HPM 100 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

List the “Emerson Six”

A
  • Vital Statistics
  • Control of communicable diseases
  • Environmental sanitation
  • Public health laboratory services
  • Hygiene and maternity
  • Health education
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2
Q

Describe “Vital Statistics” within the “Emerson 6”

A

Recording, tabulating, interpretation, and publication of the essential facts of… births, deaths, and reportable disease

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3
Q

Describe “Control of communicable disease” within the “Emerson Six” (4)

A

Includes…

  • Tuberculosis
  • Venereal diseases
  • Malaria
  • Hookworm disease
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4
Q

Describe “Environmental Sanitation” within the “Emerson Six” (3)

A

Including…

  • Supervision of milk and milk products (like DQ)
  • Food processing and public eating places
  • Maintenance of sanity conditions of employment
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5
Q

Describe “Public health laboratory services” within the Emerson Six”

A

Self-explanatory

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6
Q

Describe “Hygiene of maternity, infancy, and childhood” within the “Emerson Six”

A

Includes the supervision of the health of the school-age child

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7
Q

Describe “Health education” within the “Emerson Six”

A

Health education of the general public so far as not covered by the functions of departments of education

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8
Q

What are the three core functions of public health?

A
  • Assessment
  • Policy development
  • Assurance
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9
Q

What is the “bad” definition of “health care disparity”? (From AHRQ). What is wrong with this definition?

A
  • The total difference in measures of health and healthcare between racial/ethnic groups
  • Wrong because differences may be okay as long as they are not preventable!
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10
Q

What is the definition of “health care equity” according to the IOM?

A

Delivery of health services of equal quality to all individuals regardless of personal characteristics as gender, SES, geographic location, race, or ethnicity

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11
Q

What is the “good” definition of “health care disparity” (from IOM)?

A

Disparity is any difference not due to clinical need or preferences for health care services

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12
Q

What are PATIENT factors that affect healthcare equity? (4)

A
  • Personal characteristics (age, sex, SES)
  • Health status
  • Idiosyncrasies
  • Trust issues
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13
Q

What are PROVIDER factors that affect healthcare equity? (4)

A
  • Discrimination
  • Communication issues
  • Empathy
  • Stereotypes or misunderstandings
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14
Q

What are some SYSTEM factors that affect healthcare equity? (4)

A
  • System navigation (can be hard, especially with language/cultural issues)
  • Benefit eligibility (people may not realize what they are eligible for)
  • Geography/environment
  • Uneven distribution of healthcare resources
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15
Q

How is nursing home care funded in the US?

A
  • MEDICAID (48%)
  • Out-of-pocket (25%)
  • Medicare (14%)
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16
Q

What are the “Emerson Six”? (Definition, not list)

A

The major health department services

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17
Q

What healthcare professions are shortages projected in? (4)

A
  • NURSING
  • Primary care
  • Pharmacy
  • Physical therapy, and other
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18
Q

What are some sources of nurse shortages? (3 - include why)

A
  • Growth in demand (this will increase due to aging population)
  • Slowdown in entry (decline of young women choosing nursing as a career in the past two decades)
  • Faculty shortages
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19
Q

What are some ways to close the gap between supply and demand for nursing? (3)

A
  • Increase wages, improve working conditions
  • Expand educational capacity
  • Recruit from overseas (may have technical/cultural issues, also may hurt the countries these nurses come from)
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20
Q

List the main issues confronting the nursing workforce (4)

A
  • Supply and recruitment
  • Staffing and patient safety
  • Work environment and work satisfaction
  • Education and training
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21
Q

What is the scope of practice of an RN? (5)

A
  • Deliver ordered care
  • Assessment and monitoring
  • Patient and family education
  • Care coordination and advocacy for patient
  • Strong management component to work
22
Q

What can an advanced practice RN do?

A

Primary and specialty care

23
Q

List some examples of RNs (nurses with specialized skills who may be trained at masters or doctoral level) - 4

A
  • Nurse practitioners
  • Certified nurse midwives
  • Nurse anesthetists
  • Clinical nurse specialists (can specialize in mental health, cancer care, neonatal health, etc.)
24
Q

What are Licensed Practical/Vocational nurses and their scope of practice? (3 parts)

A
  • Performance of services requiring technical, manual skills practiced under the direction of a physician or RN
  • Learn from a course in an accredited school of vocational nursing
  • Exact scope of practice varies with state
25
Q

What are nursing assistive personnel?

A

Individuals who assist the RN in the provision of patient/client activities under the delegation and supervision of an RN

26
Q

What are some examples of nursing assistive personnel? (4)

A
  • Certified nurses aide/home health aide
  • Personal care, clinical, and nursing assistants
  • Certified phlebotomist
  • Orderlies/attendants
27
Q

What is the distribution of RNs, LPNs, and aides?

A
  • RNs (most)
  • Nursing aides (middle)
  • LPNs (least)
28
Q

What is primordial prevention?

A

Using everyday resources (ex: eyes, mouth, feet) to promote health and prevent disease

29
Q

What are the types of prevention? (4)

A
  • Primordial
  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
30
Q

What type of prevention doesn’t rely on the healthcare system?

A

Primordial prevention

31
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

Protecting individuals and populations from disease, sometimes with help from the healthcare system

32
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

Helping people already at risk to reduce worsening of the risk

33
Q

What is an example of secondary prevention?

A

Helping a smoker quit smoking

34
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Helping people already adversely affected by a problem to reduce/prevent greater complications

35
Q

What is an example of tertiary prevention?

A

Helping a smoker with emphysema quit smoking

36
Q

Approximately how many US adults die each year from smoking related illnesses? (2010 estimate)

A

443,000

37
Q

What percentage of adults smoked in 2010?

A

19%

38
Q

What was male and female smoking prevalence in 2011?

A
  • 21.6% among males

- 16.5% among females

39
Q

Which race/ethnicity smokes the most or least?

A
  • American Indians smoke most (31.5%)

- Asians smoke the least (10%)

40
Q

Which age group smokes the most and least?

A
  • > 65 years is least (8%)

- 22-44 years is most (22%)

41
Q

How does smoking relate to poverty level?

A

Prevalence is higher among adults living below the poverty line (29%) compared to those living at or above it (18%)

42
Q

How does smoking relate to disability?

A

Prevalence is higher among those who have a disability (25%) versus those who don’t (17%)

43
Q

How is youth smoking defined?

A
  • Smoked at least 100 cigarettes previously

- Having smoked on ANY day in the last 30 days

44
Q

How is current adult smoking defined?

A
  • Having smoked at least 100 cigarettes previously

- Having smoked all days or some days in the last 30 days

45
Q

How can health care systems promote increased smoking cessation? (5)

A
  • Provider reminder systems
  • Telephone quit lines
  • Reducing patient out-of-pocket costs
  • Provider education programs
  • Provider feedback systems
46
Q

What have studies shown are the best ways for the health care system to encourage smoking cessation?

A

Multicomponent programs that include provider reminder systems, provider education programs, and patient education materials

47
Q

What are the parallels between Big Food and Big Tobacco? (7)

A
  • Focus on personal responsibility as cause of diet issues
  • Raising fears that government is limiting personal freedoms
  • Villifying critics
    • “Food police” “Food fascists” “Nanny state”
    • Accusing them of stripping civil liberties
  • Criticizing studies against the industry as “junk science”
  • Emphasizing physical activity over diet
  • Stating that there are no good and bad foods so no need for change
  • Plant doubt when concerns are raised
48
Q

How much does smoking cost the US in direct medical expenses?

A

$96 billion annually

49
Q

How much does smoking cost the US in lost productivity?

A

$97 billion annually

50
Q

What is the difference between primordial and primary prevention?

A

Primary involves the healthcare system

HPM 100 (1 decks)

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