Final Exam Flashcards
Three points of intervention for health disparities
Socio-environmental, Individual Level, Health Care System.
Five leading causes of death among American Indian/Alaska Native Males
Heart Disease, Cancer, Accidents, Chronic Liver Disease and Diabetes.
Four-level framework for addressing health inequalities
- improving the physical environment;
- addressing social and economic conditions;
- improving access to appropriate and effective health and social services; and
- reducing barriers to adopting healthy lifestyles.
Five leading causes of death for Asian/Pacific Islander Females
Cancer, Heart disease, Stroke, Diabetes, Accidents.
Four mediators of equitable health care
Quality of providers, Appropriateness of care, Efficacy of treatment, Patient adherence.
Explain the difference between fertility rates versus birth rate
The fertility rate measures the number of births occurring per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 in a particular year; birth rates refer to this measure within particular age groups
Four examples of efforts to address socioeconomic disparities
Section 8
The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)
The Food Stamps Program.
Medicaid
Hispanic Epidemiological Paradox
Hispanics, as a group, have mortality (but not morbidity) outcomes equal or surprisingly better than non-Hispanics in the United States, even though they rank low in most socioeconomic indicators.
Hispanic Epidemiological Paradox in infancy and adulthood:
In infancy Hispanics have a lower then expected rate of infant mortality, with adults 15-44 excluding HIV and Homicides Hispanics have a lower mortality rate than white males of the same age.
Guidelines for Alcohol Consumption
recommends males may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if they drink more than 14 drinks per week or more than 4 drinks per occasion. Females may be at risk if they drink more than seven drinks per week or more than three drinks per occasion.
Define a drink
as 0.54 ounces of ethanol—about the amount of alcohol in 12 ounces of regular beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of 80-proof distilled spirits
Know five of the standards for culturally and linguistically appropriate heath care services
Standard 1: Health Care organizations ensure that patients/consumers receive effective, understandable, and respectful care that is provided in a manner compatible with their cultural health beliefs and language
Standard 2: Health care organizations should implement strategies to recruit, retain, and promote diverse staff and leadership that are representative of the demographic characteristics of the service area
Standard 3: Health care organizations should ensure that staff receive ongoing education and training in culturally and linguistically appropriate service delivery
Standard 4: Health care organizations must provide language assistance services, including bilingual staff and interpreter services, at no cost to each patient/consumer
Standard 5: Health care organizations must provide in their preferred language both verbal offers and written notices informing them of their right to receive language assistance services
Five leading causes of death for African American Males
Heart Disease, Cancer, Unintentional Injury, Stroke, Homicide.
Five principles for addressing disparities
- Principle 1 – Disparities must be recognized as a significant [healthcare] quality problem
- Principle 2 – The collection of relevant and reliable data are needed to address disparities
- Principle 3 – [Health system] performance measures should be stratified by socioeconomic position and race/ethnicity
- Principle 4 – Population-wide performance measures should be adjusted for socioeconomic position and race/ethnicity
- Principle 5 – Approaches to disparities should account for the relationship between both socioeconomic position and race/ethnicity
Five culture-bound syndromes in Asian/Pacific Islander Population
Amok, Hwa-Byung, Latah, Taijin kyofusho, Dhat.
Usual Source of care
a place where one usually goes when sick, such as a physician’s office or health center but not an emergency department
Prevention Behavior
refers to actions individuals take to reduce the likelihood of developing a disease or sustaining an injury or disability.
Primary Prevention
reduces risk before the onset of disease
Secondary Prevention
behavior shortens the duration of disease.
Tertiary Prevention
reduces potential complications of the disease and/or limits its progression to more serious conditions.
Mortality Crossover:
refers to the fact that minority group members show shorter life expectancies than whites until old age, and then in later old age this trend reverses and they show greater life expectancies than whites.
Culture-Bound Syndromes:
are psychological conditions that are confined to certain cultures or cultural groups
Allocentrism:
is a characteristic of cultures that emphasize the needs, objectives, and points of view of the group over the individual
Cupping:
is the practice of heating air in a cup with a flame and placing the cup onto the skin to pull out the cold air.
