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Old Testament 1 > Final exam > Flashcards

Final exam Flashcards

1
Q

Doubts about Single Mosaic authorship of the Torah, and the origin of the Documentary Hypothesis

A

a. Different choice of words and variation of style
b. Double (triple) versions of the same stories
c. Repetitions of detail within the same passage
d. Insertions of extraneous material into an otherwise continuous account
e. Contradictions concerning matters of fact
f. Differences of cultural and religious point of view

Documentary Hypothesis says that there were four different sources—Yahwist, Elohist, Priestly, and Deuteronomist—that were combined sometime around the time of the Exile to Babylon to for the Torah we know today.

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Priestly text (P)

A

Dry and formalistic
Interested in dates, genealogies, covenants and ritual observance.
There are no fantastic elements (angles, talking animals, etc.), but there are still accounts of miracles.

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3
Q

Characteristics of the Deuteronomist source (D)

A

Found primarily in Deuteronomy
YHWH Loves Israel, Israel is commanded to love YHWH, obey him, and listen to his voice.
Covenant is a central theme here too.

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4
Q

Characteristics of the Yawhist source (J)

A 
Colorful
Anthropomorphic God
Theme of promise and fulfillment
Uses YHWH as the name of God
Epic style
God speaks directly to people
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5
Q

Characteristics of the Elohist source (E)

A

Uses Elohim as the name of God
Talks about the fear of God
Revelation comes from dreams
Closely associated with J

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6
Q

722 BCE

A

Northern Kingdom fell

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7
Q

586 BCE

A

Southern Kingdom fell

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8
Q

1250 BCE

A

Date most scholars assign to the Exodus
This is mostly attributed to evidence that Semitic labor was used to build the cities of Pithom and Rameses, which were built around this time.
There is evidence that the Habiru people were part of this construction.
Other evidence shows a tribe entering Egypt a during a time of drought a few generations before.
Finally, a series of plagues and illnesses were recorded around the time.

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9
Q

The Yahwist Creation account

A

Gen 2:4b-3:25
The focus of this narrative is on the human in the garden
God is anthropomorphic
Draws from other ANE religions
Has a fairy tale feel to the story
God proceeds in a kind of trial and error sort of way
This is mythological in nature

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10
Q

The Priestly Creation story

A

Marked by the formal, somewhat dry style of the priestly source
Includes a careful structure and repetition
God is deliberate and in total control
Gis omnipotent
This account is formulaic
It is theological in nature

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11
Q

Overall purpose of the Genesis 1-11 Account

A

To explain the different aspects of the world and human existence and set off the justification for the promise of land in Ancestral narratives

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12
Q

Purpose and Nature of the Creation stories in Gen. 1-3:24

A

Provide a general cosmology and etiologies for some aspects of human nature and existence: characterized by an interest in beginnings.
Gen 1-2:4b Emphasizes the order of the created universe and the sovereignty of the God who created it.
Garden of Eden (Gen. 2:4b-3:24): emphasis on human sexuality and the maintenance of the boundary between divinity and humanity (assigns woman as a possession of man-ish)

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13
Q

Purpose and nature of the Development of the human race

A

The Cain and Seth lines (4:1-26): Technological developments and moral degeneration
Principals in the genealogies presented as originators of different technologies:
a. Agriculture and Animal husbandry (4:2)
b. Founding of a city (4:17)
c. Cattle rearing, musical instruments (4:20-22)
The developments are marked by an increasing tempo of violence.

This helps to explain how different aspects of technology and culture developed in prehistoric times.

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14
Q

Humanity before the Deluge (5:1-6:8)

A

The list of the descendants of Adam through Seth (5:1-32)
The maintenance of the boundary between divinity and humanity (6:1-8)

This shows the proper line from Adam to the Patriarchs through noah. The pre-flood account also tells how god preserved this line from corruption and because that line remained pure.

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15
Q

Noah and the Deluge (6:9-9:29)

A

The destruction of the old order through a flood (6:9-7:24)
The establishment of the new order (8:1-9:19)
Noah and his sons (9:20-29)

This, again, shows God’s preservation of the chosen people and it supports the later claim to the land, because, after all, the people God chose are directly linked to the people God created in the first place.

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16
Q

Humanity after the Deluge (10:1-11:26)

A

The Descendants of Noah (10:1-11:9)
P-shows how the great array of nations is the result of the creation blessing and command to fill the earth
J-demonstrates how the drive for power and status exercises its influence
The Japhet list (10:1-5) most of them can be identified with ethnic groups settled in Asia Minor, Armenia and the Aegean region
Ham list (10:6-20) List of places and peoples is organized according to the four ethnic groups of Ethiopia (Nubians), Egyptians, Libyans and Canaanites.
The Shem List (10:21-32) – list five peoples and four descendant of Aram. Elamites, Assyrians and Arameans are well known.
The city and Tower of Babel (11:1-9):
Explains the geographical dispersion of the peoples listed in the Shem list
Explains the differentiation of languages among them

The Shem line (11:10-26) narrows down to one of the three great branches of the human family, arriving via Eber, the eponymous ancestor of Hebrews, to Abraham.

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17
Q

Major themes in the Ancestral Narratives

A
  • Promise of descendants (Posterity) Abraham will be made into a great nation
  • Promise of land
  • Promise of blessing (protection)

None of these promises is fully fulfilled in the Genesis account, but they will all be fulfilled later in the Torah. Also, it’s important that all of these promises serves to justify Israel’s claim to the land. The threats to all of these elements is also treated.

18
Q

Threats to the promise of descendants

A

• The first threat is that Sarah is barren
o Possibly the reason he wants to move is because he wants to adopt Lot, so that he will have progeny
• The purity of the line
o Abraham leaves Haran and arrives in the land
o There was a famine in the land and Sarah is taken into Pharaoh’s house
o Because Sarah was barren, so there’s no way she could have had an Egyptian child
o The idea, of course, is that women are infertile, not men
•Ishmael presents a problem that Abraham creates, since it is not really following God’s command
Chapter 22 the sacrifice of Isaac
• Chapter 25- Twins (Jacob and Esau)

19
Q

Threats to the promise of Land

A

• Begins at Chapter 12
o This land is already occupied, and that is a problem
• Chapter 13
o Abraham and lot part ways
• The story of Jacob as threat to the land
o Genesis 32 (coming back to the land)
• The Joseph Stories
• The threat to the heirs is about the famine
• The threat to the land is the movement into Egypt

20
Q

The promise of protection

A

o Chapter 37 presents Joseph as the hero of the story
• In the Joseph story, the interaction of God is secondary
• God is not a character in the same way as in the other stories
o 39-41
• These show all of the ups and downs of Joseph’s life
• There is this oddness of Potifer’s wife having his clothes
• He ends up in prison and starts interpreting dreams
 The Cup-barer and the baker
• The prosperity and the famine
• God’s work is an interpretive aside
• Joseph reveals himself to his brothers
 You meant this for evil, but God meant it for good
 In this work he saved the nation from the threat to the heirs and to the land

God Protects Joseph.

21
Q

Religion of the Ancestors

A

• The worship of a personal God of a particular person or clan
o This the “God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob”
o The clan-head would make a covenant with a specific god for the protection of the clan
• The names of God
o Pahad- Translated as “fear”
o ‘avir- Translated as the “Might one of Israel”
• The covenant (Barit) between Abraham and God
• The ancestors are shown as worshiping another God
o Look at all the names for God.
o They all start with references to the Canaanite god El

22
Q

Additional themes

A

• These are legendary stories embellished to highlight a specific element
• The Abraham/Lot narrative
o Chapter 13
o This parting of the ways is the beginning of a new narrative
• This tale is designed to tell the origin story of yet another people group
• Chapter 26 has the story of Isaac
o The theme is the division between Israelites and Philistines
• The Jacob Narrative 25 & 27-35
o The overarching theme:
• Jacob’s conflict with Esau
• Conflict with Laban

23
Q

habiru/hapiru/’apiru

A

All names for the ancient group of people who were semi-nomadic mercenaries in the ANE. This is where we get the word “hebrew”

24
Q

Yam Suf

A

The Hebrew phrase from which we get either red or reed sea (the meaning isn’t precisely clear).

25
Q

YHWH

A

The name of God
it is the tetragramathon
It is the name spelled without vowels
It is the I AM

26
Q

Torah

A

• Torah is the law
o In the OT this sets out the order of community life in the Nation
o The structure of the Nation came at Sinai

27
Q

Case Law

A

• Conditional law
• constant form
 Inclusdes a protasis- an if/when clause
 Apodisis- a then/consequence
 Usually in the third person
 Found in the book of the covenant
• They deal with ordinary life in the community
• They presume a sedentary life based on agriculture
• They are based on precedent
 They come out of the experience of a sedentary law

28
Q

Apodictic Law

A

• This is unconditional, absolute law
• This uses short decisive statements
• this is in the second person
• They are always to be obeyed
• they deal in broad moral imperatives and prohibitions
• this is assumed to be the oldest law
 Representation of the unsettled life (maybe)
 came from Sinai
 They are pre-conquest
 they are the Decalogue (Thou shalt and thou shalt not)

29
Q

Major themes in Exodus

A
  1. The “theological” theme: the oppression of the Israelites (Chaps. 1-2) is the presupposition of the promise of deliverance (chaps. 3-4).
  2. The connection between YHWH (LORD) and the God of the ancestors
  3. The total dependence of Israel on God: the plague narratives in Egypt and the murmuring narratives between the Sea and Sinai
  4. The ultimate goal of deliverance is YHWH-Israel covenant relationship
  5. The presence of God
  6. Moses’ role
30
Q

Exegetical Questions about the Events at sea

A
  • The purpose of the Yahwist- TO show God controls natural forces
  • The purpose of Priestly- God works through human agency
31
Q

Historical questions about the route

A

• The name of the route is a later anachronism
• This makes it impossible to tell where the “event at sea” happened
• The Hebrew has the word Yam Suph
o This means the reed sea
o The Septuagint made this the red sea

32
Q

Theme in the first two chapters of Exodus

A

Shows how the promise of descendants is fulfilled
Sets up the scene for deliverance
Pushes Israel to a place where they need to rely on God
Sets Israel on a path to make a covenant with God
Marks the turning point in the narrative from individuals to a people
• The oppression of the Israelites is the presupposition of the deliverance of the Israelite people

33
Q

YHWH’s Response to the oppression of Israel

A

Makes a connection between himself and the God of the ancestors
3-4- This is the revelation of the personal name of God and the commission of Moses
• 4:24-25
o God want’s to kill Moses, but the circumcision saves him
o This story is meant to validate Moses position as leader of the people

34
Q

The Plagues and the Exodus

A

Chapter 5
• Moses confronts Pharaoh
• Pharaoh’s answer is to make them work harder
• The people blame Moses
The plagues
• These are designed to show that YHWH is powerful enough to work even in a foreign land
• Though plagues 1-9 are natural things, the power to control is the important part of each one
• The 10th plague
o This is very different from the others
o this is a sign of YHWH’s control and concern for the people
o This finally convinces Pharaoh to let them go
The Passover and circumcision
• The firstborn sons are consecrated to YHWH
• The feast is a mixture of two traditions
o Pastoral and agricultural
Chapter 13:17-32
• The exodus proper
Chapter 14-15
• The rescue of the people from the Egyptian army
• This is understood as the great saving act of YHWH

35
Q

Between the sea and Sinai

A

The theme of this is Israel’s total dependance on YHWH
Once this is established, it opens the door for Israel to make the covenant at Sinai
• The deliverance is not to fulfill the ancestors per se, it is to put the people in a place where they must make a decision
• If they obey, they will become the special possession of God.
o The job of the people is to align their lives with God’s demands

36
Q

At Sinai

A

Israel is defined:
• They are to be a priestly kingdom- a worshiping community
• They are to be a holy nation- A nation set apart from the others
The Torah is all about giving the law to set up the new nation
This first half is about the formation of the nation, the second part is all about the structure that nation will have.

37
Q

Themes in Exodus 19-40

A
  1. The purpose of Israel’s deliverance from Egypt:
    a. One of the most important confessional statements in the OT is, “We were Pharoah’s slaves; and the LORD brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand” (Deut 6:21).
    b. To be in a covenant relationship with Yahweh: Definition of berith
    c. The nature and identity of Israel (19:3-6): Priestly kingdom and a holy nation—worshipful community set apart from all the other nations of the world
    d. Yahweh’s appearance on the mountain
  2. Israel as a Holy nation: Through the Laws
    a. types of laws—Case and apodictic laws
    b. Two collections of the Laws:
    i. The Torah as basic foundational instruction: the content of the Ten Words (Ten Commandments)
    ii. The book of the covenant
  3. Israel as Priestly Nation: Through Worship
    a. the instructions and purpose for the building of the tabernacle
    b. Apostasy from Yahweh: the golden calf
    c. The building of the tabernacle
38
Q

Berith

A

o This describes a binding relationship, that is constant and durable, and is based on commitment
o this is a contract
o it is not limited to divine/human relationships
• It is also used to communicate a very deep interpersonal relationship, or a treaty relationship between nations or heads of state
o This is the kind of relationship the Nation enters into with God

39
Q

10 Commandments

A 
No other God
No Images
Don't take the name in vain
Keep the sabbath
Honor your father and mother
Don't kill
no adultery
dont steal
Don't bear false witness
Dont covet
40
Q

Important things about the 10 Commandments

A

These laws are in the second person, masculine, singular
• In the Israelite system, the position of women is defined by men
• the laws are directed toward the men
• These are the laws everyone heard at Sinai
o The remainder of the laws are mediated through Moses
o The remainder are a combination of case law and apodictic law

Old Testament 1 (1 decks)

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