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Classics - Alexander the Great > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Where did Darius flee after the Battle of Gaugemela?

A

North to Arebla

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2
Q

Why did A need to purse Darius?

A

A. could have have truly won until he killed or captured Darius

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3
Q

Name the three prongs of the government A. installed in Babylon?

A
  1. Satrap
  2. Military Commander
  3. Financial Officer
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4
Q

Where did A. march after he left Babylon?

A

Southeast to Susa (where 50,000 gold T was aquired) and Perseopolis

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5
Q

What happened when A. tried to pass through the Persian Gates?

A

A larger army was waiting for him. He split his troops, Parmenion taking the south route and A the north. Won the next battle and continued to Perseopolis

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6
Q

What happened when A arrived for the first time in Perseopolis?

A

He was not welcomed as king, so he let his troop pillage the city (leaving only the place in tack)

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7
Q

What did A do in spring of 330?

A

Campaigned around the interior of Iran before returning to Perseopolis

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8
Q

What happened when A. returned to Perseopolis?

A

He took all the Athenian artifacts, taken from Athens in 480, then razed the palace (possibly during a drinking binge)

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9
Q

What happened when A. heard that Darius was in Ecbatana?

A

A travelled to Ecbatana (Darius had fled north), where he left his army (Harpulas as Imperial Treasurer and Parmenion as military commander) and rode north to Rhagea. Found Darius stabbed by Bessus and other Persian nobles)

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10
Q

How did the soldiers respond to Darius’ death?

A

They though that the war in Persia was over. A gave a speech about how they must now peruse Bessus

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11
Q

What did A do in July of 330?

A

He continued east towards Bactria, demanding the surrender of many satraps (including Satibarzanes). Parmenion’s son Nicanor dies, A leaves Philoas (brother) behind to bury him.

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12
Q

Why did A halt the march in Artaconana?

A

A. heard that Saitbarzanes had rebelled and wanted to return, but couldn’t go straight back and has to detour around Hindu Kush

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13
Q

What was the Philotas Affair (Sept 330)

A
  • A had never really like Philotas because he had the same old ideals as his father, Parmenion
  • Dimmus had gone to Philotas with a conspiracy to kill A, and Philotas never told A.
  • A felt threatened, had Philtos’ mistress spy on him
  • found out Parmenion believed he was the reason for all of A success
  • A conviced the officers to have Philotas tried by the army
  • found guilty, and Parmenion go “dragged through the mud as well
  • both executed
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14
Q

Through what pass does A. recross the Hindu Kush?

A

The Khawak Pass

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15
Q

Why was the crossing of the Khawah Pass difficult?

A

The army ran out of supplies and , with no wood to burn, had to eat raw, pack-animal meat. Ate siphium to aid suggestion and avoid sickness.

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16
Q

What group did A send home once he arrived in Bactria?

A

The Thessilian cavalry (the group which had been lead by Parmenion)

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17
Q

How did Bessus die?

A

He has fled to Sogdiana, where the locals arrested him (for not doing enough to stop A). A sent Ptolemy to retrieve him, and killed him gruesomely in Bactria

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18
Q

What occurred in the summer of 329?

A

A. continued north and summoned satraps from Scythia and Sogdiana (Spitamenes). They refused to surrender, slaughtering almost 20,000 inf and several hundred cavalry.

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19
Q

What happened in spring 328?

A

A. continued to campaign against Spitamenes (was wounded by a stone in one of these battles). Also, murdered Cleitus the Black and a his own feast for disapproving of A.’s behaviour. Spitamenes killed by locals in Maracanda.

20
Q

When did A. meet Roxane?

A

In the spring of 327 (after capturing the Sogdian Rock and the Rock of Chorienes)

21
Q

What was the Proskynesis Episode (Bactria)?

A
  • It was Persian custom to venerate oneself in the presence of a superior
  • A. tried to establish this in his own court
  • the Macedonians saw this as sacrilege and were offended, Callisthenes spoke out about it
  • A dropped the issue fairly easily
22
Q

What was the Page’s Conspiracy (Bactria)?

A
  • Some of the pages had formed a plan to kill A
  • didnt go through with it as A. was out drinking that night
  • said that Callisthenes, their tutor, had forced them to do it
23
Q

What happened in winter of 327?

A

A. continued south towards Taxila. Ordered rulers to meet him, amicable surrender. Divided his army, Hephastion with the main part, and himself with the mobile forces.

24
Q

What divine signs did A. encounter in the hill country near Swat?

A
  1. Town of Nica- apparently descendants of Dionysus, were able to grow grapes for wine and laurels
  2. The Great Rock of Aornus - apparently once captured by Hercules, A (with much difficulty was able to capture it)
25
Q

What happened at the Battle of Hydaspes (May, 327)?

A
  • Porus (Rajah) met him at the river with 20,000 inf., 2000 cal., and 130 elephants (which the Mace. were scared of)
  • A had Meleanger pretend to be him, which he sunk a force up river at night to build a crossing
  • the troops were able to cross the river, main battle ensured in the fjords of Jhelum
26
Q

What happened after the Battle of Hydaspes?

A
  • a had a coin made (front - two elephant riders pursured bu a horseman, back - possible himself holding a thunderbolt and a flying victory)
  • Bucephalas died, A founded Bucelphala and “victory town”
27
Q

What happened when A announced he planned to continue into India?

A

Their was a mutiny lead by Conius (representing the common soldiers not generals). A sulked for a few days, then ordered omens to see if he was to continue. The omens were bad, therefore he turned homewards)

28
Q

What happened during the attack on the Mallian town?

A
  • A was mad that his soldiers were not being aggressive enough
  • decided to climb the wall and enter the city himself
  • jumped down and was attacked before this officers could reach him
  • was hit by an arrow and defended by his shield bearer (apparently with the Sacred Shield of Troy)
29
Q

What happened when A arrived at the Punjab (place where the 5 great rivers meet) in July of 325?

A
  • holy war with the inhabitants

- sent Craterus, with the vetrans, west over land to meet him in Salmos

30
Q

What happened once A arrived in Pattala?

A
  • governor surrendered
  • A. explored the delta Indus region
  • appointed Nearchus (childhood friend) to general of the fleets
31
Q

the march through the Gendrosa desert

A
  • supplied were already running low due to flash floods
  • 85,000 people began this trek, only about 25,000 survived
  • A. may had taken this route to punish troops for mutiny
  • or because he wanted to best the feats of Cyrus the Great and others)
32
Q

What happened when A arrived in Pura?

A

A immediately requested supplies from his nearby satraps, but no one knew his exact location and sending supplies was difficult over the terrain, so no one did

33
Q

What happened when A reaches Alexandria Carmania?

A

A summons 4 generals (Cleander, Sitalces, Agathon and Heracon) from Media. They thought they would be able to talk themselves out of trouble, but were quickly executed (this seemed to be popular with the army, as they were the generals involved in the Parmenion execution)

34
Q

What sis the execution of the 4 generals trigger?

A

The flight of Harpulas from Ecbatana to Athens (taking with him 5000 T and 6000 mercenaries)

35
Q

What did A do in the winter of 324? (1)

A
  • ordered all satraps to dimiss their mercenaries
  • possibly, he wanted to hire them himself for his planned Arabian campaign
  • cause bands of wandering merc. to wreck havoic
36
Q

What did A do in the winter of 324? (2)

A
  • ordered all his military commanders to bring their troops to him, including Antipater (caused atmosphere of fear and suspension)
37
Q

What happened once Alexander leaves Carmania?

A
  • sent main troops north to susa with Hephastion
  • took mobile troops (with Craterus) to Persis
  • extravagant welcome from Orxines
  • but then Orxines insulted A. favorite enuch and A arrested, convicted and hung him
38
Q

What happened once A reached Susa (March, 324)

A

Mass Wedding

  • himself and 91 Companions married Persian Princesses
  • most noteable was Seleucus’ marraige to daughter of Spitamenes (only ones not to stay together)
39
Q

What happened to inspire the Opis Mutiny?

A
  • after Susa, A sailed up the Tigris to Opis
  • discharged all Macedonian soldiers unfit for battle (old and injured)
  • troops outraged, mob, 14 “ringleaders” were executed
  • A delievered long speech about how much they owed to himself and Philip
  • Mace. begged for forgiveness, kissed and made up
  • then send 15000 inf. and 10000 cav. back to Macedon with Craterus
40
Q

What happened in the issue of the Exiles Degree?

A
  • A. sent Nicanor to the Olympic Games to announce that all Greek-city states must accept back their exiles (in order to solve the problem of the roaming mercenaries)
  • offended the greeks, this was way out of A.’s regime as Hegemon of the League of Corinth
  • A. may have demanded deification in order to be powerful enough for this decree
41
Q

What happened when Hephastion died ( Summer, 324)?

A
  • Alexander was devastated (Heph was suppose to be his successor) and sent to the oracle in Siwah, asking for Heph. to be honoured as a god
  • oracle said no, only as a hero
  • told the governor of Egypt that he would forgive past and future sins if he build temples honouring Heph.
42
Q

What happened when A returned to Babylon (winter 323)?

A
  • many envoys are arriving from various cities/ greece
  • A sailed down the Euphrates River to inspect canals, irrigation etc.)
  • when he returns he is warned against entering Babylon
43
Q

May 29th, 323 BC

A

A wasn’t feeling well, but was convinced to drink. He drank a cup of unmixed wine, “shrieked” and was brought back to his tent. the next week, he was so ill that all of his officers forced their way to see him one last time

44
Q

June 10th, 323 BC

A

Alexander the Great dies.

45
Q

What is the conspiracy behind A’s death?

A
  • it is thought that Antipater sent Cassander with poison, mixed by Aristotle, to A.’s court
  • however, the poison Cass. supposedly used was not known in that time and the symptoms of a lethal dosage were very different from what A. experienced
46
Q

What were the 3 main kingdoms after A’s death?

A
  1. Antiognid (Macedon)
  2. Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt)
  3. Seleucid Kingdom (Asia)
47
Q

What may have been the natural cause of Alexander’s death?

A

A, who had already had a mild cerebral form of malaria, likely go the most vicious form of it while in Babylon (a hot spot for it)

Classics - Alexander the Great (1 decks)

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