Final Exam Flashcards
Thomas Aquinas
Hugely Influential catholic theologian of the middle ages
Dominican Monk
Suma Theologica- defined theology, ethics, and the sacramental system for a huge portion of Catholic History
It really fleshed out the sacramental system
The sacraments
Baptism Eucharist Penance (now “Reconciliation) Confirmation Holy Orders Matrimony Extreme Unction (now “Anointing of the Sick)
The Importance of the sacraments in the Catholic model of salvation
In the Roman Catholic system, righteousness is infused. You have to participate in the sacraments in order to slowly appropriate righteousness. Baptism, eucharist, penance, confirmation and extreme unction were of utmost importance. It is also important that there is a sacrament for different stages of life.
Transubstantiation
The process by which the bread and wine of the eucharist become the actual body and blood of Christ through the blessing of the elements.
“Because Christ our Redeemer said that it was truly his body that he was offering under the species of bread, …by the consecration of the bread and wine there takes place a change of the whole substance of the bread into the substance of the body of Christ our Lord and of the whole substance of the wine into the substance of his blood. This change the holy Catholic Church has fittingly and properly called transubstantiation.”
[Council of Trent]
Infused Righteousness
The process of gaining righteousness through the participation in church life and the sacraments. Righteousness is something that happens over a lifetime, and not in a single moment as in Imputed Righteousness.
Byzantine Empire
Continuation of Eastern Roman Empire
Capital was the city of Constantinople
Bastion of Greek language and culture
Constantly engaged in warfare with Muslims
far less dogmatic and legalistic and much more abstract and philosophical
Icons
Closely associated with the eastern church
Icons were – initially – used to help teach about the Bible or God. But, another purpose was to aid the faithful in prayer and meditation on the person or the salvific significance of the event depicted. Icons keep the mind from wandering and help a person focus on prayer. They also serve as a reminder to all of God’s omnipresent and immanence in the world.
The icon is venerated and often candles and oil lamps are burnt before them. The worshipper kisses the icon, making the sign of the Cross and may kneel or prostrate before it.
This is a 11th century icon on a medallion from the Djumati Monastery, Georgia. The characters identify the person pictured as Christ.
Filoque Clause
“We believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son.”
Intended to condemn Arianism
The east opposed this because it was a western addition to the Nicene Creed, and because they believed the Spirit proceeded from the Father alone, and not from the Father and the Son.
Hagia Sophia
An elaborate Church in Constantinople, and the headquarters of the eastern church. Also really important, because this is where Cardinal Humbert excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople in 1054, completing the schism.
Council of Claremont
At a meeting in Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II called for Frankish citizens to repel the Muslims from the Holy Land.
This is the event that kicks off the Crusades.
The franks respond to the call because of:
Religious excitement and sense of adventure
Sympathy for the pilgrims in the Holy Land
Desire for wealth and expansion.
Important date!!! This is the year when we recognize the schism between the eastern and western churches.
1054 CE
Pope Urban II
Pope who called for the first Crusade to “reclaim” the holy land in the name of Christ and the Holy Catholic Church.
Dome of the Rock
Muslim Mosque built on the site of the Second temple.
Supposedly the site of Mohamed’s journey to heaven.
Third Holiest site in Islam.
Church of the Holy Sepulcher
Most important church in christendom.
Built on what is considered to be the site of Golgotha.
Jamie showed us pictures.
Effects of the Crusades on the West
Increased power and influence of the papacy.
Increased wealth of Church and monasteries.
Severed relations with Eastern Church.
Spurred intellectual and cultural development
The Urban Critique of the Church
Priests was poorly educated and not well versed in the vernacular language.
The middle class were critical of moral lapses in the clergy.
The Church was not responding to the needs of the poor.
The Fourth Lateran Council
Response to the Urban Critique of the Church.
Conclusions:
Rules for Jewish population were passed.
Simony was condemned and celibacy was mandated for all clergy.
The Inquisition was established.
The Jewish Mandates
Required to wear special garb.
Could not be in the public during the last few days of Holy Week
Required to pay tithes to the Church.
Inquisition
Established to inquire into allegations of heresy and enforce orthodoxy.
In 1252, torture was authorized as a tactic.
Dominicans
Order of Mendicant Friars founded by Dominic Guzman (1172-1221).
Took monastic vows, but also worked in the secular world.
Comprised of three orders: (1) Preachers, (2) Nuns, (3) Tertiaries (or lay order)
They were deeply involved in the inquisition
They placed emphasis on education and learning.
Popularized the ideal of a Mendicant Friar.
Helped create a caste of educated, theologically-minded priests and lay preachers who were interacting with urban populations.
Helped enforce theological orthodoxy.
Dominique Guzman
Established the dominicans
Francis of Assisi
Founded the Franciscan order
A saint among saints
The son of a wealthy Italian merchant.
He embraced poverty and devoted his life to serving the poor.
Franciscans
The order of the Friars Monir
Ideals:
Service to the poor and helpless in society.
Humility as an acceptance of a person’s self.
Theological conformity to the Church.
The living of a joyful life.
All are part of the natural world.
Emphasis on personal piety rather than theology
Joyful but reserved
At a time when it was in steep decline, the Franciscans helped restore people’s faith in the Church.
They helped redirect the Church’s interest in reaching out to the impoverished.
Clare of Assisi
Founded the Poor Clares (the female order of the Franciscans)
Abbess of the convent at San Damiano
Criticisms of the Late Medieval Church
Sexual immorality of clergy
Slothfulness of monks and priests
Absentee clergy
Failure of the papacy to respond to political crises, like the Hundred’s Year War
The plague
Particularly important were the effects:
20-50% of population of Eurasia was killed.
Church attendance declined dramatically.
Gluttony, alcoholism, and fatalism flourished (eat, drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die)
The populace became obsessed with death.
The church handled it poorly: priests didn’t give last rights to dying people, and, because the sacraments were the means of salvation, it was tantamount to allowing people to go to hell.
Printing Press
Invented by Gutenberg in 1440
Allowed for the mass printing of books and the sharing of information and ideas.
major catalyst for the Renaissance
Movable type (not really the press itself)
Humanism
The humanists were widely associated with the Renaissance.
They were scholars who mastered Latin and Greek in order to study the great literature of the ancient world.
They helped to revive ancient Greek and Roman literature, architecture and art, and helped unsure in the Renaissance.
Erasmus
One of the most important scholars of the Renaissance
An Augustinian monk who gained fame and prestige for his intellect, satire, and wit.
Provided new Latin and Greek translations of the New Testament (Novum Testamentum). This allowed people to compare the Greek and Latin versions of the Bible and allowed for criticism of doctrine and teaching that was unheard of previously.
Was a visible critic of the corruption present in the Roman Catholic Church.
