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Biology 225 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What types of cells always have a basement membrane?

A

Epithelial

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2
Q

What type of tissue is found in many serous membranes?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Name the 3 germ layers

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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4
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

The ectoderm produces skin, the nervous system, and all tubes opening to the outside

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5
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A

The mesoderm produces muscles and connective tissue

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6
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

The endoderm produces all internal organs

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7
Q

Where are macrophages important?

A

Areolar and lymphatic tissues

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8
Q

What type of epidermis has many layers of dead cells?

A

Stratum corneum

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9
Q

What layer is absent in most layers of epidermis?

A

Stratum lucidum

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10
Q

What causes different skin colors?

A

Melanin

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11
Q

What is another name for hair?

A

Pili

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12
Q

The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except _____.

A

External root sheath

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13
Q

What gland secretes oil on the scalp for the hair?

A

Sebaceous gland

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14
Q

What is formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal?

A

Cerumen

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15
Q

What’s the oblique epithelial tube from which a hair grows?

A

Follicle

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16
Q

What is present in osseous tissue?

A

Lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels

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17
Q

What are the 4 groups of bones?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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18
Q

What do you call the sheath covering a bone?

A

Periosteum

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19
Q

What is the inside layer of bone called?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

What makes bones hard?

A

Calcium-phosphate mineral complexes

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21
Q

What makes bones flexible?

A

Collagen

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22
Q

What bone cells would have a lot of lysosomes?

A

Osteoclasts

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23
Q

Forms the flat bones of the skull, face, jaw, and center of clavicle. Bone is formed in sheet-like layers that resemble a membrane.

A

Intramembranous ossification

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24
Q

Forms most bones in the body, mostly long bones, and replace cartilage with bone.

A

Endochondral ossification

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25
Q

Mature bones are remodeled throughout life as a result of what?

A

Appositional growth

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26
Q

What causes bone elongation?

A

Cartilage growth

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27
Q

Where would you find numerous gap junctions in muscular tissue?

A

Intercalated discs of cardiac muscle

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28
Q

What are 90% of the neurons in the nervous system?

A

Association

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29
Q

What does “nerve fiber” refer to?

A

Axon

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30
Q

Opening of sodium gates is going to cause what?

A

Depolarization of the plasma membrane

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31
Q

When a membrane is depolarizing, what is going on?

A

Its sodium gates are fully open

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32
Q

Differentiate between myelinated and unmyelinated fibers as to which one would cause a reaction more quickly

A

Conduction speed of a nerve fiber would be the fastest in a large myelinated fiber

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33
Q

A cholinergic synapse has what type of neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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34
Q

What excites skeletal muscle and inhabits cardiac muscle?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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35
Q

Parkinson’s disease: what happens with it? What’s the faulty neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier

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36
Q

CSF: where are you going to find it, and what produces it?

A

CSF fills in the space between arachnoid mater and pia mater. Ependymal cells of the choroid plexus produce it.

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37
Q

What structure is richest in lipid content in the brain and the spinal cord?

A

White matter

38
Q

What does gray matter contain?

A

Cortex and nuclei

39
Q

What keeps nerve fibers insulated from one another?

A

Endoneurium

40
Q

What nerve originates in the coccygeal plexus?

A

Sciatic nerve

41
Q

What branch of the spinal nerve has somas that are just sensory?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

42
Q

A bundle of nerve roots occupying the vertebral column from L2 to S5: what are they?

A

Cauda equina

43
Q

Amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are involved with what?

A

Limbic system

44
Q

The Wernicke area: what is it concerned with?

A

Speech comprehension/language development

45
Q

Visual association area is primarily located where?

A

Occipital lobe

46
Q

How many cranial nerves are involved with eye movement?

A

3 (Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens)

47
Q

How many cranial nerves are involved with taste?

A

3 (Facial, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus)

48
Q

What is the background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity?

A

Autonomic tone

49
Q

A neurotransmitter that is associated with the autonomic ganglia would be?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

50
Q

The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ____ whereas the effect of somatic fibers is ____.

A
  • Excitatory or inhibitory

* Always excitatory

51
Q

In response to high blood pressure, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of arteries carrying blood
to the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats per minute.

A
  • Baroreceptors

* Decrease

52
Q

The motor pathway of the autonomic nervous system usually involves how many neurons?

A

2

53
Q

Preganglionic fibers run from what to what?

A

Gray matter to autonomic ganglia

54
Q

Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete ____.

A
  • Myelinated

* Acetylcholine

55
Q

Somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes: why?

A

Effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more neurons

56
Q

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel how? (Through what nerve?)

A

The vagus nerve

57
Q

Sympathetic nerve fibers arise only from what regions of the spinal cord?

A

Thoracic and lumbar

58
Q

What are the features of the sympathetic division? (4)

A
  • It originates in the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord
  • It has long postganglionic fibers
  • Its ganglia are adjacent to the spinal column
  • It has an extensive neural divergence and a relative widespread effect
59
Q

What are the characteristics of the parasympathetic division? (4)

A
  • Its effects are local
  • The terminal ganglia are very close to or within their target organs
  • It originates in the craniosacral regions of the CNS
  • It has short postganglionic fibers
60
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete mostly?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

61
Q

White rami carry ____ neurons, while gray rami carry ____ neurons.

A
  • Myelinated preganglionic

* Unmyelinated postganglionic

62
Q

What are the characteristics of the enteric nervous system? (4)

A
  • It does not arise from the spinal cord
  • It innervates smooth muscle
  • It innervates glands
  • It does not arise from the brainstem
63
Q

If a cell has alpha1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to what neurotransmitter?

A

Adrenaline

64
Q

A neuron that synapses in the adrenal medulla is a ____ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter
____.

A
  • Preganglionic

* Acetylcholine (ACh)

65
Q

What is an especially important center of autonomic control?

A

Hypothalamus

66
Q

Autonomic function receives input from all of these except?

A

Spinal cord

67
Q

What type of nerve passes through the sympathetic ganglia without synapsing?

A

Splanchnic

68
Q

Which of the following is associated with the three F’s (Fight, Flight, Freeze)?

A

Reduced urinary output

69
Q

The autonomic nervous system carries out many somatic reflexes that are crucial to homeostasis (T/F)

A

False

70
Q

What taste sensation is associated with the taste produced by amino acids?

A

Umami

71
Q

Pheromones stimulate what?

A

Olfactory cells

72
Q

The primary olfactory cortex is located where?

A

Temporal lobe

73
Q

What is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?

A

Smell

74
Q

Which structure allows an upper respiratory infection to spread from the throat to the tympanic cavity?

A

The auditory (eustachian) tube

75
Q

Stimuli produced by sound waves reach the brain following the pathway:

A

1) Auditory canal
2) Tympanic membrane
3) Ossicles
4) Oval window
5) Cochlear duct
6) Spiral organ
7) Fibers of cochlear nerve

76
Q

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

A

Cochlear hair cells

77
Q

Each upward movement of the _____ causes the stereocilia of the inner hair cells to bend, opening ___ gates.

A
  • Basilar membrane

* K+

78
Q

When you travel in an elevator, what senses how the elevator is moving?

A

Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

79
Q

What does not contribute to the sense of equilibrium?

A

Vallate papillae

80
Q

These are all accessory structures of the eye except?

A

The cornea

81
Q

The _____ is not an optic component of the eye?

A

Retina

82
Q

Glaucoma is a state of elevated pressure within the eye that occurs when the ____ is obstructed so the _____ is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted.

A
  • Scleral venous sinus

* Aqueous humor

83
Q

Nerve fibers from all regions of the retina converge on the ____ and exit the eye by way of the optic nerve.

A

Optic disk

84
Q

Sensory receptors sense only stimuli external to the body, such as light, sound waves, smell and touch. (T/F)

A

False

85
Q

Olfaction results from the stimulation of mecanoreceptors. (T/F)

A

False

86
Q

Taste signals travel from the tongue through what nerves?

A

The facial and glossopharyngeal nerves

87
Q

The ossicles, where are they located?

A

Middle ear

88
Q

Macula sacculi are nearly horizontal and macula utriculi are nearly vertical? (T/F)

A

False

89
Q

The middle ear consists of a fluid-filled chamber (T/F)

A

False

90
Q

The cornea belongs to the tunica fibrosa of the eyeball. (T/F)

A

True

Biology 225 (1 decks)

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