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Physiology Final > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Synthesized from Amino Acids

A

Peptides and Proteins

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2
Q

Synthesized from Cholesterol

A

Steroids

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3
Q

Synthesized from Tyrosine

A

Amines

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4
Q

The hypothalamus secretes

A

TRH, CRH, GnRH, GHRH, Somatostatin, Dopamine

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5
Q

The anterior pituitary secretes

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, MSH, Growth Hormone, Prolactin

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6
Q

The posterior pituitary secretes

A

Oxytocin and ADH

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7
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the nucleus

A

gene for the hormone is transcribed into an mRNA (template)

TRANSCRIPTION

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8
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the ribosomes

A

mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm and translated on the ribosomes to the first protein product, a preprohormone

TRANSLATION

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9
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the ER

A

converting the preprohormone to a prohormone by removal of the signal peptide

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10
Q

Peptide and protein hormone synthesis in the Golgi apparatus

A

packed in secretory vesicles

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11
Q

Cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol and estriol, progesterone, testosterone, and 1,25-dihydroxycholecaliciferol

A

Derivatives of cholesterol

Synthesized and secreted by:
adrenal cortex
gonads
corpus luteum
placenta
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12
Q

Amine hormones catecholamines (epi, norepi, and dopamine) and thyroid hormones

A

derivatives of tyrosine

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13
Q

Neural mechanism of regulating hormone secretion

A

the adrenal gland

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14
Q

Feedback mechanisms of regulation hormone secretion

A 
more common than neural mechanisms
directly/indirectly
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (most important, more common)
Positive feedback (rare)
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15
Q

Negative Feedback

A

when hormone levels are adequate or high, secretion of the hormone is inhibited

when hormone levels are inadequate or low, secretion of the hormone is stimulated

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16
Q

Long-loop feedback

A

hormone feeds back ALL THE WAY to the hypothalamic-pituitary axis

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17
Q

Short-loop feedback

A

Anterior pituitary hormone feeds back on the hypothalamus to inhibit secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormone

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18
Q

Ultrashort-loop feedback

A

In which the hypothalamic hormone inhibits its own secretion

e.g. growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH] inhibits GHRH secretion

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19
Q

Positive Feedback

A

self-augmenting

explosive or self-reinforcing

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20
Q

Estrogen > Anterior Pituitary > ^ FSH & LH > ovary > ^ estrogen

A

Positive Feedback

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21
Q

Dilation of cervix > ^ oxytocin from posterior pituitary > uterine contraction > further dilation of the cervix

A

Positive Feedback

In this example, the explosive event is parturition: delivery of the fetus

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22
Q

Dose-response relationship

A

responsiveness of a target tissue to a hormone

as the hormone concentration increases, the response usually increases and then levels off

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23
Q

Sensitivity

A

hormone concentration that produces 50% of the maximal response

decreased sensitivity if more hormone is required to produce 50% of max response

24
Q

Responsiveness or sensitivity can be changed by

A

changing of the NUMBER of receptors

changing the AFFINITY of the receptors for the hormone

25
Q

Down-regulation

A

of receptors or the affinity of the receptors for the hormone has decreased

May occur by:
decreasing the synthesis of new receptors
increasing degradation of existing receptors
inactivating receptors

26
Q

Up-regulation

A

of receptors or the affinity of the receptors has increased

May occur by:
increasing synthesis of new receptors
decreasing degradation of existing receptors
activating receptors

27
Q

Hypothalamic-pituitary unit

A

regulates the functions of the thyroid, adrenal, and reproductive glands and also control growth, milk production & ejection, and osmoregulation (ADH)

28
Q 
Pituitary Gland
Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary)
Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary)
A

hypophysis
neurohypophysis
adenohypophysis

29
Q

Infundibulum

A

thin stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

30
Q

Nucleus of Hypothalamus

A

Supraoptic nuclei - synthesize ADH

Paraventricular nuclei - synthesize oxytocin

31
Q

Anterior Pituitary secretes 6 peptide hormones

A 
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 5%
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 15%
luteinizing hormone (LH) 15%
growth hormone (GH) 20%
prolactin 15%
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 15%
32
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

A

both neural and endocrine

33
Q

Relationship between hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

A

only neural

34
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal blood vessels

A

directly links the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, providing most of the blood supply to the anterior lobe

35
Q

Important implication of the portal blood supply

A

delivering high concentrations of hypothalamus hormones to the anterior pituitary without appearing in high concentration in the rest of circulatory system

36
Q

Placental hormone that is structurally related to the TSH-FSH-LH family

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)

37
Q

ATCH Family

A
  • derived from single precursor. pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
  • includes ATCH, γ- and β-lipotropin, β-endorphin, and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
  • ACTH: only hormone of family with well-established physiological actions
  • MSH: involved in pigmentation in lower vertebrates but has little activity in humans
  • Endorphins: endogenous opiate
38
Q

Growth Hormone (somatotrophs)

A

secreted throughout life
single most important hormone for normal growth to adult stature
profound effects on protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism

39
Q

Action of GH in the Liver

A

generates IGF (has tyrosine kinase activity similar to the insulin receptor
polypeptides with similar sequence to insulin
has peripheral effects like GH

40
Q

Direct actions of GH

A

Decreased glucose uptake into cells (diabetogenic)
Increased lipolysis
Increased protein synthesis in muscle
Increased body mass

41
Q

Actions via IGF

A

Increased protein synthesis in chondrocytes and increased linear growth (pubertal growth spurt) Joint Pain
Increased protein synthesis in muscle
Increased lean body mass
Increased protein synthesis is most organs
Increased organ size

42
Q

GH deficiency

A 
dwarfism, mild obesity, delayed puberty
caused by
hypothalamic dysfunction (decrease GHRH)
lack of anterior pituitary GH
failure to generated IGF in liver
GH receptor deficiency
43
Q

GH excess

A

Adults: acromegaly (after puberty)
Increased periosteal bone grown and organ size, inhibits insulin hence hyperglycemia

Children: gigantism (before puberty)
Increased linear growth

44
Q

Prolactin (lactotrophs)

A

stimulates lactogenesis
together with estrogen, stimulates breast development
structurally similar to GH

45
Q

Actions of Prolactin

A

stimulates milk production
stimulates breast development
inhibits ovulation by decreasing syn. of GnRH
inhibits spermatogenesis by decreasing GnRH

46
Q

Prolactin deficiency

A

due to destruction of anterior pituitary gland

failure to lactate

47
Q

Prolactin excess

A

prolactinomas; most common pituitary tumor
hypothalamic destruction
loss of dopamine inhibitory effect
galactorrhea
anovulation, amenorrhea & decreased libido
due to GnHR inhibition
Rx: bromocriptine - dopamine agonist which decrease prolactin secretion

48
Q

Posterior Lobe Hormones

A

ADH & oxytocin (produced in hypothalamus)
Synthesized by hypothalamic nuclei
Secreted by posterior pituitary

49
Q

ADH

A

Synthesized by supraoptic nuclei
Regulates osmolarity by increasing H2O permeability of the late distal tubule and collecting ducts (V2 receptors and adenylate cyclase mechanism)
Constriction of vascular smooth muscle (V1 receptors and IP3/Ca2+ mechanism

50
Q

Pathophysiology of ADH

A

Central diabetes insipidus
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

51
Q

Central Diabetes Insipidus

A

Failure of the post. pit. to secrete ADH
Circulating levels of ADH are low
Collecting ducts are impermeable to h2o, and urine canon be concentrated
Produce large volumes of dilute urine & body fluids become concentrated
Rx: ADH/vasopressin analogue, ddavp (desmopressin)

52
Q

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

A

Post. pit. is normal
Principal cells of collecting duct are unresponsive to ADH (d/t defective V2 receptor, gs protein, or adenylyl cyclase)
Excretion of large volumes of dilute urine
Serum osmolarity increase
Contrast to CDI, ADH is high d/t stimulation from increased osmolarity
Rx: thiazide diuretics (inhibits Na+ reabsorption in early distal tubule=ECF vol. contraction)

53
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A

Excess ADH secreted from post. pit. or from an autonomous site
Excess h2o reabsorption by collecting ducts
Dilutes the body fluids
Urine is INAPPROPRIATELY CONCENTRATED
Rx: water restriction, ADH antagonist (demeclocycline)

54
Q

Oxytocin

A

Synthesized by paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus
Lactation: contraction of myoepithelial cells in breast (milk let-down)
Uterine contraction during child-birth
Oxytocin receptors in uterus are up-regulated during child-birth (exact role is unknown)
Used to induce labor
Reduces postpartum bleeding

55
Q

Regulation of Oxytocin secretion

A

Suckling (major stimulus for secretion)

Dilation of cervix and orgasm

Physiology Final (2 decks)

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