Final Exam Flashcards
Onset of oral hygiene movement was in what year?
1843
Dr Levi Parmly recommended to the American society of dental surgeons a daily oral hygiene regime to promote among patients in what year?
1819
First use of the term “prophylaxis” was what year?
1870
Hygiene was advocated as part of the practice of dentistry by dr Arthur of Baltimore in what year?
1871
Dr Alfred C Fones “founder of dental hygiene” trained mrs Newman to do prophys in what year?
1906
The term “dental hygiene” was coined
1913
Dr Fones started the first courses for hygiene in Bridgeport CT in what year?
1913
27 women graduated from dr Fones program in what year?
1914
First dental hygiene license was issued to Irene Newman in what year?
1917
Public health has broad areas of interest in ..?
Lifestyle, environment, human biology, organization of health programs and systems
In public health, the patient is..
The population
Additional skills for a hygienist in public health includes what?
Knowledge in research methods, program administration, assessment, prevention and control of oral disease, knowledge of financing dental services
The primary roles of a public health hygienist include what?
Change agent Consumer advocate Administrator Researcher Educator Clinician
Looking for change legislative involvement
Change agent
Consultant for target populations
Consumer advocate
Coordinator for health programs
Administrator
Conducts studies for health disease
Researcher
Promotes dental health
Educator
Offers clinical care
Clinician
The primary role of public health is what?
Education
An example of dental education of the public include what?
Health fairs
School presentations
Examples of education of dental profession includes?..
Conferences
Table clinics
Application of dental research includes?..
Community water fluoridation
Sealant programs
Example of administration of group dental care programs include?
State or local dental public health departments and state director of dental public health
The resolution of explicit oral health car needs through the delivery or provision of oral health care services by means of organized and sometimes interdependent activities
Oral healthcare delivery systems
What are the four levels of government?
International
Federal
State
Local
Addresses concerns at an international level/population
World health organization
International gov
Addresses concerns at a national level/ population
(Center for disease control and prevention)
(Health resources and services administration)
(National institute of health)
Federal gov
Addresses concerns at state level
Administers state wide programs
Consultation source for local gov
State gov
Addresses concerns on local level
County or city health department
Local gov
What are the 2 modes of delivery?
Private sector
Public sector
Private sector:
Franchise dental practice
Corporate dental practice
Franchise- practicing under trade name
Corporate- company owned and operated
Public sector:
Community health centers
Us public health services
Community health centers= federally funded group practice
Us Public Health Service=
- health research and promotion
- dental care for natives, prisoners, coast guard
Public sector:
National health science corps
State and local programs
National health science corps- federally sponsored program to reduce maldistribution of healthcare providers
State and local programs- programs addressing state , county, cities indigent population
Financing:
What is the barter system?
Negotiated payment via exchange of goods
Financing:
Fee for service
Capitation
Fee for service= traditional payment for performance
Capitation= contracted care
Two party cash system =
Cash, check, charge
Third party system =
Insurance, employer
Commercial insurance=
Operates for profit
Health maintenance organization
Managed care
Control cost
Preferred provider organization
Managed care
More freedom regarding provider
Public financing
Title XVII =
Elderly
Public financing
Title XIX Medicaid
Indigent
Public financing
Title XXI
SCHIP
What are examples of public financing ?
Us dept of veterans affair CHAMPUS Head Start Public health services Maternal and children health services Indian health services State programs
Professional judgement as to the amount and kind of health care services required to attain or maintain health
Need
Perceived need quantity of care individuals themselves feel that they need determined by the public or patient
Felt need
Desire of public to receive treatment
Demand
Number of individuals that use dental services volume and type of service actually consumed
Utilization
What are the factors the affect demand?
Awareness Health Access Professionals Technology Education
The meeting of accumulated dental needs at the time of a population is taken into a program
Initial care
The detection and correction of new increments of dental disease on a semiannual or periodic basis
Maintenance care
Initial care + Maintenance care + preventative measures =
Comprehensive care
Financial cost is what ratio?
5:1 costs $5 for initial care.. $1 maintenance care
Seat time cost is what ratio?
3:1 takes 3 hrs for initial .. 1 hr for maintenance
1 barrier is what?
Fear
What are the 3 treatment levels?
Primary, secondary, tertiary
Prevention of disease before it occurs
Primary
Early disease control including early identification and prompt treatment
Secondary
Provision of services that prevent further disability
Tertiary
What are the 2 methods of evaluations and what are examples of this?
Nonclinical - face to face interviews, telephone interview, surveys
Clinical - basic screenings, epidemiology examinations
What is type 1 examination?
Complete examination
mouth mirror and explorer
- adequate lighting
- laboratory tests
- radiographs
- study models
What is type 2 examination?
Limited examination
Mouth mirror and explorer
Adequate lighting
Radiographs
What is type 3 examination?
Inspection
Commonly used by RDH in public health.. Nursing homes and hospital setting
Mouth mirror and explorer, light source
What is type 4 examination?
Screening
Commonly used by RDH in public health, schools and health fairs
Tongue depressor
Light source
A graduated numerical scale with upper and lower limits scores on the scale correspond to a specific criterion for individuals or populations.
Index
An expression of clinical observation in numeric value
Dental index
What does an index present?
An index can be more consistent and less subjective than a word description of the condition
It also allows for comparison with other groups or individuals
Why use indices in community health?
Show prevalence and trend
Provides baseline data
Assess the needs of a population
Compares and evaluates community program
What are the 2 categories of indices?
Simple index and cumulative index
One that measures the presence or absence of a condition
Simple index
One that measures all the evidence of a condition past and present
Cumulative index
What are the 2 types of indices?
Reversible and irreversible
Measures condition that can be reversed or resolved
Reversible
Measures cumulative condition that cannot be reversed
Irreversible
What are characteristics of an effective index?
Simple to use and calculate Require minimum expense and equipment Uses minimal time to complete Reproducible Does not cause discomfort Easily analyzed Clear cut criteria easy to use Free from subjective interpretation
One examiner
Intra examiner
Two or more examiners
Inter examiner
DMFT or DMFS irreversible
Decayed missing filled teeth/ surfaces
DEFT irreversible
Decayed need for extraction filled
DFT or DFS irreversible
Decayed filled teeth/surfaces
RCI irreversible
Root caries index
OHI-S reversible
Simplified oral hygiene index
PII reversible
Plaque index
PHP reversible
Patient hygiene performance
GI reversible
Gingival index
SBI reversible
Sulcular bleeding index
PDI irreversible
Periodontal disease index (ramjford )
PI irreversible
Periodontal index (Russell)
PSR irreversible
Periodontal screening and recording
Fluorosis irreversible
Deans classification for fluorosis
Process of ensuring consistency within and among examiners
Calibration
A multifaceted process of identifying factors that affect the oral health status of a selected population
Community oral health assessment
Pieces of info collected using measurements and or counts
Data
The process of gathering info through the use of tools such as dental indices
Data collection
The study of relationships of various factors that determine the frequency and distribution of diseases in the human community, study of health and disease in a population
Epidemiology
On going evaluation to monitor each step in the dental hygiene process of care on going feedback that determines any needed changes
Formative evaluation
The total number of cases of a specific disease or condition in existence Ina given population at a certain time
Prevalence
Answering the why and how of a public health program or research project
Qualitative evaluation
A numerical evaluation of dental public health program or research project
Quantitative evaluation
Ability of an index or test procedure to measure consistently at different times and under a variety of conditions, reproducibility, consistency
Reliability
Formal standardized evaluation procedures conducted at the end of a treatment series
Summative evaluation
Ability of an index or test procedure to measure what it is intended to measure
Validity
