Final Exam Flashcards
Mutual agreement between political entities; in Richmond, there is a constant struggle between Henrico, Chesterfield Counties and the City of Richmond over infrastructure
Regional cooperation
Taking of land from one political entity to another; in Richmond, when Richmond took portions of Henrico / Chesterfield County for tax purposes and to have a larger middle
Annexaton
Central commercial/office areas in a region. All cities contain such areas. In downtown Richmond, the CBD contains numerous banks, law and government firms.
Central Business District
Outward movement, also known as “white flight”. People moving out of the urban centers into the ‘cleaner’ and ‘safer’ suburbs. Massively affected Richmond: city population went down from 250,000 to 180,000 to move to suburbs in Henrico and Chesterfield Counties.
Centrifugal movement
Inward movement, where people leave the suburbs and enter back into cities due to convenience, walkability and entertainment. This is happening in several Richmond neighborhoods such as Shockoe Bottom and The Fan, where a young, educated, middle-class population is moving in for the thrill and entertainment of urban lifestyle.
Centripetal movement
Also known as the concentric zone model, this model emphasizes the central core of cities, with rings around it representing working-class, middle-class residential and commuting zones. In Richmond this can be seen as certain neighborhoods near the core, such as Oregon Hill and Manchester are historically working-class neighborhoods. Outer neighborhoods such as Church Hill, Near West End tend to be more affluent. These neighborhoods are surrounded by a “commuter zone” which can be I-295 and VA-288 which loop around the City of Richmond.
Burgess Model
This model was based upon transit-oriented development, in that development was based along transit corridors, such as highways and railways. In Richmond, a good example of this are the streetcar suburbs in The Fan and Northside that were built alongside trolly lines.
Hoyht Model
Notion that all areas, the core city and its suburbs all contain CBDs. The center city has the largest CBD, while the suburbs have their own mini-CBD’s. Examples would be the Richmond CBD, in correlation to the office parks of Innsbrook, Short Pump and Stony Point.
Harris & Ullman Model
The trigger for heat bubbles in major urban cores. This is why Downtown Richmond tends to be a couple degrees warmer than its surrounding suburbs.
urban air pollution
Consequence of regions having poor stormwater management. For example, after it storms in Richmond, it is usually unsafe for the next day or two to swim in the James River, because of the runoff contaminates the river may contain.
urban water pollution
Low lying areas of cities being prone to severe flooding. For example, Shockoe Bottom in Richmond in the 1980s suffered a 10,000 year flood in the span of three years, prompting the construction of the flood wall.
urban flooding problems
Dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc; it came to be in the early 20th century. Central Richmond tends to be more commercial zoned, while the outlying areas are normally residential, and areas alongside freeways, train yards and riverways tend to be industrial.
zoning
The physical development in urban and suburban areas. For instance, the cityscape of Richmond’s MSA.
urbanization
The mindset that people exhibit in urban regions. (i.e. people are more liberal). In the city of Richmond, it is usually more progressive than Henrico and Chesterfield Counties, which are more conservative.
urbanism
Prestigious school where the first formal urban planning classes began. Eventually paved the way for urban planning programs across the nation, including VCU.
The Chicago School
Elites lived in areas that resembled city-states. Poor population lived on the outskirts of the city, sometimes on the outside borders.
Greek city concept
More authoritarian architecture; similar to certain structures of Richmond such as the Capitol Building.
Roman city concept
Widespread illness that wiped out a third of Europe during the 1300s.
The Plague
The belief that we, as Americans, had the God-given right to conquer and claim land from coast-to-coast.
Manifest Destiny
Transformed the notions of planning through the concepts and images of the city, such as naturally created paths, edges and nodes. (i.e. the river can be an edge in Richmond).
Kevin Lynch’s mental maps
Major moments that defined cities in the United States: 1. colonization (formed in Colonial Virginia) 2. wagons 3. canals (Kanawha Canal) 4. steamships (Kanawha Canal) 5. railroads (triple crossing, Richmond is huge railroad town has two passenger train stations and numerous frieght train stations) 6. industrialization (Tredegar) 7. trolly (RVA first in the world to have electrified versions) 8. commercialization / automobiles (major freeways in RVA – Downtown Expressway, 288, 195, Powhite Pkwy)
Epics of American Cities
The decline of density for low-density, auto-dependent communities, known as the suburbs. Most outer suburbs of Chesterfield and Henrico Counties exemplify this.
urban sprawl
Was a settlement founded by Sir Thomas Dale in 1611 as an alternative to the swampy and dangerous area around the original English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia. Near present day Richmond.
Henricus
One of the foundations of Richmond, VA – a trade post set up by William Byrd.
Byrd’s Warehouse
