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PHAR 304 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The carbons of acetyl-CoA are transformed by the TCA cycle into

A

Carbon Dioxide

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2
Q

glucose (carbohydrates) may be converted to fatty acids, but fatty acids may not be converted to glucose (the preferred nutrient energy source for the brain) due to irreversible nature of the following biological process

A

pyruvate to acetate conversion

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3
Q

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor NADH

A

Niacin

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4
Q

in humans the principal energy source in a balanced diet should be

A

complex carbs

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5
Q

which of the following processes is responsible for the re-formation of glucose from lactic acid (via pyruvic acid) in the recovery phase following vigorous exercise

A

glucogenesis

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6
Q

a positive “nitrogen balance” in a patient is indicative of

A

protein anabolism (tissue biosynthesis) OR urea formation

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7
Q

glucose-6-phosphate may be enzymatically interconverted with fructose-6-phosphate through the following type of chemical intermediate

A

ene-diol tautomer

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8
Q

pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be biochemically converted into

A

alanine, lactic acid, oxaloacetate, acetyl-coenzyme A

pyruvate biochemically converted into alanine by transamination

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9
Q

which of the following materials is NOT an essential nutrient in the human diet

A

glutamic acid OR alanine

cys, asp, glu

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10
Q

which of the following materials ARE essential nutrients in the human diet

A

methionine, folic acid, linoleic acid, phenylalanine

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11
Q

acetyl-SCoA cannot be converted into glucose due to the irreversible nature of the

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

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12
Q

which of the following enzyme co-factors may function as a reducing agent (electron donator) in biological transformations

A

FADH2

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13
Q

the process of transamination interconverts

A

alpha-amino acids and alpha-keto acids

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14
Q

which of the following metabolic processes includes Coenzyme-Q as an essential component

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

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15
Q

the formation of ATP from ADP WITHOUT INVOLVEMENT OF the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation is called

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

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16
Q

the formation of MOST of the body’s ATP from ADP occurs via a process called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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17
Q

all of the intermediates in glycolysis are inhibited in crossing surrounding membranes due to their

A

phosphorylation

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18
Q

the de-toxification of ammonia which occurs in the mitochondria is DUE to the

A

urea cycle

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19
Q

the de-toxification of ammonia which occurs in the mitochondria LEADS to the formation of

A

ammonium chloride

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20
Q

the only amino acid which may undergo direct loss of ammonia is

A

glutamic acid

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21
Q

the water-soluble, nontoxic compound which serves as the principal excretion product of ammonia in humans is

A

urea

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22
Q

the tricarboxylic acid cycle ultimately concerts AcSCoA to

A

carbon dioxide

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23
Q

although cholesterol is much less soluble in water than glucose, it’s normal concentration in the bloodstream is much higher due to its

A

strong binding to serum proteins

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24
Q

the pathway of glycolysis occurs in which of the following subcellulaar compartments

A

cytoplasm

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25
Q

the tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs in which of the following subcellular compartments

A

mitochondrian

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26
Q

approximately the same amount of useful energy is available per gram from carbohydrates is available from

A

proteins

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27
Q

all of the enzymes of the TCA cycle which provide electrons to the ETC belong to which enzyme class

A

dehydrogenases

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28
Q

all of the regulatory steps of glycolysis which are not reversible in gluconeogenesis are

A

kinases

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29
Q

in general, high levels of ATP in a cell have what effect on the regulatory enzymes in glycolysis

A

inhibit their activity

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30
Q

which of the following co-fasctors functions as an amino transfer co-enzyme in the process of transamination

A

pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

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31
Q

the primary function of folic acid derivatives in human metabolism is to transfer

A

one-carbon units

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32
Q

which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is necessary for proper calcium mobilization

A

vitamin D

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33
Q

a diet which totally excludes fats may be potentially dangerous in the long run due to a possibility of developing a deficiency in

A

linoleic acid OR essential unsaturated fatty acids

34
Q

which of the following protein sources exhibits the higher biologic value

A

egg albumin

35
Q

alpha-amylase is an enzyme which

A

converts alpha-amino acids into alpha-keto acids

36
Q

which of the following co-factors functions as an amino transfer agent in the conversion of alpha-keto acids to alpha-amino acids

A

pyridoxal - phosphate

37
Q

the process of transamination allows the metabolic “connection” of

A

protein and carbohydrate metabolism

38
Q

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor FADH2

A

pyridoxal (B6)

39
Q

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor FAD

A

riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

40
Q

which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is necessary for proper blood coagulation

A

vitamin K

41
Q

the primary products of TCA cycle catabolism of acetyl-CoA are

A

electron pairs and carbon dioxide

42
Q

which of the following is NOT an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA Cycle)

A

lactate

which are: fumarate, oxaloacetate, succinate, malate

43
Q

in humans, glucose is catabolized (broken down) in aerobic glycolysis to form two three-carbon molecules of

A

pyruvate

44
Q

an unsaturated fatty acid is different from the corresponding fully saturated fatty acid in that

A

it contains at least one double bond which is usually of the cis-configuration, it usually is less viscous, it usually melts at a lower temperature, it provides greater flexibility when incorporated into membranes

45
Q

all of the following types of nutrients must be included in the diet of humans to maintain health except

A

cholesterol

nutrients that must be included = vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, linoleic acid

46
Q

the amino acid isoleucine can exist as how many different stereoisomers

A

4

47
Q

a common omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid found in fish oil is

A

DHA

48
Q

a common constituent of human membranes which is non-polar and non-ionizable is

A

cholesterol

49
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of monosaccharide

A

cyclic poly-alcohol

50
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of NADH

A

enzyme co-factor that can function as a reducing agent (electron donator)

51
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester linkages

52
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of steroid hormones

A

polycyclic hydrocarbon

53
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of triglyceride

A

ester bonds

54
Q

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of tripeptide

A

amide bonds

55
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing alkaline phosphatase

A

enzyme

56
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing ALT

A

enzyme

57
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing creatinine

A

non-protein nitrogen (NPN materials)

58
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing DHEA

A

hormone

59
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing HSA

A

protein (not an enzyme or hormone)

60
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing immunoglobulin

A

protein (not an enzyme or hormone)

61
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing oxaloacetate

A

TCA Cycle intermediate

62
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing T4

A

hormone

63
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing TIBC

A

protein (not an enzyme or a hormone)

64
Q

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing Urea

A

non-protein nitrogen (NPN materials)

65
Q

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in niacin

A

pellagra

66
Q

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)

A

beri-beri

67
Q

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia

68
Q

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin C

A

scurvy

69
Q

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin D

A

rickets

70
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: biotin

A

CO2 transfer in biosynthesis

71
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: folic acid

A

methylene transfer

72
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: niacin

A

precursor to redox co-factor

73
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: pantothenic acid

A

precursor to coenzyme A

74
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: pyridoxine

A

amino group transfer

75
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: thiamine B1

A

acyl group transfer

76
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: UDP-G

A

glucose transfer

77
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin E

A

anti-aging

78
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin A

A

role in vision

79
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin D

A

Ca++ mobilization

80
Q

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin K

A

blood coagulation

PHAR 304 (1 decks)

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