Final Exam

Question 1

The carbons of acetyl-CoA are transformed by the TCA cycle into

Answer 1

Carbon Dioxide

Question 2

glucose (carbohydrates) may be converted to fatty acids, but fatty acids may not be converted to glucose (the preferred nutrient energy source for the brain) due to irreversible nature of the following biological process

Answer 2

pyruvate to acetate conversion

Question 3

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor NADH

Answer 3

Niacin

Question 4

in humans the principal energy source in a balanced diet should be

Answer 4

complex carbs

Question 5

which of the following processes is responsible for the re-formation of glucose from lactic acid (via pyruvic acid) in the recovery phase following vigorous exercise

Answer 5

glucogenesis

Question 6

a positive “nitrogen balance” in a patient is indicative of

Answer 6

protein anabolism (tissue biosynthesis) OR urea formation

Question 7

glucose-6-phosphate may be enzymatically interconverted with fructose-6-phosphate through the following type of chemical intermediate

Answer 7

ene-diol tautomer

Question 8

pyruvic acid (pyruvate) may be biochemically converted into

Answer 8

alanine, lactic acid, oxaloacetate, acetyl-coenzyme A

pyruvate biochemically converted into alanine by transamination

Question 9

which of the following materials is NOT an essential nutrient in the human diet

Answer 9

glutamic acid OR alanine

cys, asp, glu

Question 10

which of the following materials ARE essential nutrients in the human diet

Answer 10

methionine, folic acid, linoleic acid, phenylalanine

Question 11

acetyl-SCoA cannot be converted into glucose due to the irreversible nature of the

Answer 11

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 12

which of the following enzyme co-factors may function as a reducing agent (electron donator) in biological transformations

Answer 12

FADH2

Question 13

the process of transamination interconverts

Answer 13

alpha-amino acids and alpha-keto acids

Question 14

which of the following metabolic processes includes Coenzyme-Q as an essential component

Answer 14

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

Question 15

the formation of ATP from ADP WITHOUT INVOLVEMENT OF the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation is called

Answer 15

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 16

the formation of MOST of the body’s ATP from ADP occurs via a process called

Answer 16

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

all of the intermediates in glycolysis are inhibited in crossing surrounding membranes due to their

Answer 17

phosphorylation

Question 18

the de-toxification of ammonia which occurs in the mitochondria is DUE to the

Answer 18

urea cycle

Question 19

the de-toxification of ammonia which occurs in the mitochondria LEADS to the formation of

Answer 19

ammonium chloride

Question 20

the only amino acid which may undergo direct loss of ammonia is

Answer 20

glutamic acid

Question 21

the water-soluble, nontoxic compound which serves as the principal excretion product of ammonia in humans is

Answer 21

urea

Question 22

the tricarboxylic acid cycle ultimately concerts AcSCoA to

Answer 22

carbon dioxide

Question 23

although cholesterol is much less soluble in water than glucose, it’s normal concentration in the bloodstream is much higher due to its

Answer 23

strong binding to serum proteins

Question 24

the pathway of glycolysis occurs in which of the following subcellulaar compartments

Answer 24

cytoplasm

Question 25

the tricarboxylic acid cycle occurs in which of the following subcellular compartments

Answer 25

mitochondrian

Question 26

approximately the same amount of useful energy is available per gram from carbohydrates is available from

Answer 26

proteins

Question 27

all of the enzymes of the TCA cycle which provide electrons to the ETC belong to which enzyme class

Answer 27

dehydrogenases

Question 28

all of the regulatory steps of glycolysis which are not reversible in gluconeogenesis are

Answer 28

kinases

Question 29

in general, high levels of ATP in a cell have what effect on the regulatory enzymes in glycolysis

Answer 29

inhibit their activity

Question 30

which of the following co-fasctors functions as an amino transfer co-enzyme in the process of transamination

Answer 30

pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

Question 31

the primary function of folic acid derivatives in human metabolism is to transfer

Answer 31

one-carbon units

Question 32

which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is necessary for proper calcium mobilization

Answer 32

vitamin D

Question 33

a diet which totally excludes fats may be potentially dangerous in the long run due to a possibility of developing a deficiency in

Answer 33

linoleic acid OR essential unsaturated fatty acids

Question 34

which of the following protein sources exhibits the higher biologic value

Answer 34

egg albumin

Question 35

alpha-amylase is an enzyme which

Answer 35

converts alpha-amino acids into alpha-keto acids

Question 36

which of the following co-factors functions as an amino transfer agent in the conversion of alpha-keto acids to alpha-amino acids

Answer 36

pyridoxal - phosphate

Question 37

the process of transamination allows the metabolic "connection" of

Answer 37

protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Question 38

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor FADH2

Answer 38

pyridoxal (B6)

Question 39

which of the following vitamin-derived co-factors is a precursor to the redox co-factor FAD

Answer 39

riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Question 40

which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is necessary for proper blood coagulation

Answer 40

vitamin K

Question 41

the primary products of TCA cycle catabolism of acetyl-CoA are

Answer 41

electron pairs and carbon dioxide

Question 42

which of the following is NOT an intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA Cycle)

Answer 42

lactate | which are: fumarate, oxaloacetate, succinate, malate

Question 43

in humans, glucose is catabolized (broken down) in aerobic glycolysis to form two three-carbon molecules of

Answer 43

pyruvate

Question 44

an unsaturated fatty acid is different from the corresponding fully saturated fatty acid in that

Answer 44

it contains at least one double bond which is usually of the cis-configuration, it usually is less viscous, it usually melts at a lower temperature, it provides greater flexibility when incorporated into membranes

Question 45

all of the following types of nutrients must be included in the diet of humans to maintain health except

Answer 45

cholesterol | nutrients that must be included = vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates, linoleic acid

Question 46

the amino acid isoleucine can exist as how many different stereoisomers

Answer 46

4

Question 47

a common omega-3 unsaturated fatty acid found in fish oil is

Answer 47

DHA

Question 48

a common constituent of human membranes which is non-polar and non-ionizable is

Answer 48

cholesterol

Question 49

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of monosaccharide

Answer 49

cyclic poly-alcohol

Question 50

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of NADH

Answer 50

enzyme co-factor that can function as a reducing agent (electron donator)

Question 51

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of nucleic acids

Answer 51

phosphodiester linkages

Question 52

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of steroid hormones

Answer 52

polycyclic hydrocarbon

Question 53

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of triglyceride

Answer 53

ester bonds

Question 54

What is a typical structure feature occurring in the class of tripeptide

Answer 54

amide bonds

Question 55

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing alkaline phosphatase

Answer 55

enzyme

Question 56

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing ALT

Answer 56

enzyme

Question 57

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing creatinine

Answer 57

non-protein nitrogen (NPN materials)

Question 58

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing DHEA

Answer 58

hormone

Question 59

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing HSA

Answer 59

protein (not an enzyme or hormone)

Question 60

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing immunoglobulin

Answer 60

protein (not an enzyme or hormone)

Question 61

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing oxaloacetate

Answer 61

TCA Cycle intermediate

Question 62

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing T4

Answer 62

hormone

Question 63

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing TIBC

Answer 63

protein (not an enzyme or a hormone)

Question 64

(clinical diagnosis assay) what is the major category describing Urea

Answer 64

non-protein nitrogen (NPN materials)

Question 65

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in niacin

Answer 65

pellagra

Question 66

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine)

Answer 66

beri-beri

Question 67

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin B12

Answer 67

pernicious anemia

Question 68

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin C

Answer 68

scurvy

Question 69

(Vitamin Deficiency) disease because of deficiency in vitamin D

Answer 69

rickets

Question 70

Mode of Action of Vitamin: biotin

Answer 70

CO2 transfer in biosynthesis

Question 71

Mode of Action of Vitamin: folic acid

Answer 71

methylene transfer

Question 72

Mode of Action of Vitamin: niacin

Answer 72

precursor to redox co-factor

Question 73

Mode of Action of Vitamin: pantothenic acid

Answer 73

precursor to coenzyme A

Question 74

Mode of Action of Vitamin: pyridoxine

Answer 74

amino group transfer

Question 75

Mode of Action of Vitamin: thiamine B1

Answer 75

acyl group transfer

Question 76

Mode of Action of Vitamin: UDP-G

Answer 76

glucose transfer

Question 77

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin E

Answer 77

anti-aging

Question 78

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin A

Answer 78

role in vision

Question 79

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin D

Answer 79

Ca++ mobilization

Question 80

Mode of Action of Vitamin: vitamin K

Answer 80

blood coagulation