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Embryo > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

The dividing somite is made up of mesodermal cells that give rise to the

A

Mesenchyme

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2
Q

The skeletal system is derived from the

A

Sclerotomes, and mesenchyme of the head, and limbs.

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3
Q

Condensation of the mesenchyme gives rise to these two bone models

A

Cartilage - Endochondral

Membrane- Intermembranous

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4
Q

In this model, the mesenchyme condenses and makes chondroblasts (cells that make cartilage).

A

Cartilage model

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5
Q

The chondroblasts in the cells kick start this process in which cartilage starts forming a template

A

Chondrification

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6
Q

Once the cartilage template in the cartilage model is done, the fibers and the matrix within it start forming this tissue

A

Pre-osseus tissue

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7
Q

Once the preosseus tissue is formed, we find ourselves in the cartilage stage of bone development where in the _____ grows rapidly

A

Fetus

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8
Q

In this model of bone development the mesenchyme condenses and becomes vascular points that develop osteoblasts

A

Membrane model

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9
Q

In the membrane model, these cells begin to deposit osteoid tissues that will later become ossification centers of the respectives bones

A

Osteoblasts

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10
Q

In the membrane model, this structure makes spicules become lamella forming around blood vessels or osteons

A

Bone matrix

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11
Q

Both cartilage and membrane models become bone tissue by depositing ________ in the _______ tissue

A

Calcium salts; Osteoid tissue

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12
Q

The depositing of calcium salts causes the osteoblasts to become trapped and thus become

A

Osteocytes

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13
Q

This structure builds a cartilage base for the growing brain as well as the Nasal base, orbital base, hypophyseal or pituitary base, otic or ear base, and the occipital base

A

Neurochondocranium

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14
Q

This membrane bone develops the parietals, frontal, vomer, nasal and lacrimal areas

A

Neuromembranocranium

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15
Q

The fontanelles and sutures of the cranium formed by the neuromembranocranium have different ossification times. (They close at different times)

The anterior fontanelle closes at ____

The posterior and anterolateral fontanelle closes in ______

The posterolateral closes at _____

A

The end of the 2nd year, 2-3 months, end of 1st year

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16
Q

This bone structure makes up the face and the neck area, It is made through the cartilage model of growth and comes forth from the visceral arches

A

Splanchnochondrocranium

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17
Q

These bones develop from the mesenchyme of the sclerotome and have a densely packed caudal portion and loosely packed cranial part.

A

Vertebra

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18
Q

In order for the vertebra to fuse together the cranial portion must __________ making room for the vessels and the muscles to develp

A

move up

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19
Q

This shows up more lighter than the vertebra and does not fuse until the 3rd month after birth

A

Spinous process

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20
Q

The vertebra has ____ ossification centers at puberty

A

5

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21
Q

Where are the ossification centers for the vertebra located

A

1 at tip of spinous process

one at each tip of the transverse process

two on the rim of the epiphyseal center

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22
Q

The mesenchymal bands start and fuses to the ribs these bands then fuse together to give rise to this specific upper extremity bone

A

Sternum

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23
Q

This bone undergoes intramembranous development and ossifies before other bones in the body

A

Clavicle

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24
Q

A consequence of slow cartilage growth.

Patients who have this malformation exhibit

Small stature, large face and head, short tubular bones, and hyper lordosis in lumbars

A

Achondroplasia and hypochondroplasia, which has less severe symptoms

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25
Q

There are two types of spina bifida. They are

A

Occult - not visible from outside

Cystica - forms a cyst

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26
Q

When the cyst is only in the meninges it is known as

A

Meningocoele

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27
Q

When the cyst is found both in the spinal cord and the meninges it is known as

A

Meningomyelocoele

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28
Q

A malformation where there is an abnormal curvature of the spine.

The number of vertebra vary

It is due the spine having a morphological variation or that it did not develop properly

A

Congenital Scoliosis

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29
Q

A type of craniostenosis where all sutures are closed and it is symmetrical

A

Oxycephaly

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30
Q

A type of carniostenosis with asymmetrical closure of sutures

A

Plagiocephaly

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31
Q

A type of craniostenosis where the sagittal sutures close prematurely; Long narrow cranium

A

Scaphocephaly

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32
Q

A type of craniostenosis in which the coronal sutures close prematurely and has a shorter wide cranium

A

acrocephaly

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33
Q

A congenital malformation in which limbs are absent

A

Amelia

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34
Q

Congenital malformation in which there is absence or reduction of the proximal limb

A

Phocomelia

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35
Q

Absence or reduction of the distal part of the limb

A

Meromelia

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36
Q

Fusion of the lower limb; also known as mermaid syndrome

A

Sympodia

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37
Q

A duplication of distal part of limbs, this malformation in which there can be an addition of hands and feet

A

dichiria

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38
Q

The presence of extra digits, this malformation is known as

A

polydactyly

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39
Q

The malformation in which digits are fused

A

Syndactyly

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40
Q

The muscle system develops from this layer

A

Mesoderm

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41
Q

The muscle system starts out with two divisions. They are the :

A

Epimere/Epiaxial and Hypomere/Hypaxial

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42
Q

The small dorsal division of the muscle system which forms extensor muscles of the vertebral column. The innervation is provided by the dorsal primary rami

A

Epimere/epiaxial

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43
Q

This is the large ventral division of the muscle system. This division forms muscles of limbs and body wall.

The innervation to this division is due to the ventral primary rami

A

Hypomere/hypaxial

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44
Q

This myotome undergoes migration in development

A

Latissimus dorsi

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45
Q

This myotome undergoes fusion in development

A

Rectus abdominis

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46
Q

This myotome undergoes degeneration in development to form a ligament

A

Tensor fascia lata with the fascia lata

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47
Q

The trigeminal nerve innervates this arch

A

1st Branchial Arch

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48
Q

The facial nerve innervates this arch

A

2nd branchial arch

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49
Q

the glossopharyngeal nerve innervates this arch

A

3 branchial arch

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50
Q

the vagus and hypoglossal innervate these arches

A

4th and 6th branchial arch

51
Q

In this malformation, the muscles are bilaterally absent or underdeveloped

A

Prune Belly

52
Q

This is a malformation which affects the SCM. The SCM is injured DURING development and becomes fibrous

A

congenital torticollis

53
Q

The urinary system develops from this layer

A

Intermediate mesoderm

54
Q

The development of the urinary system begins with the development of the urogenital ridge which then becomes the nephrogenic mass.

The cells that are formed from the ridge and break up into segments are called

A

Nephrotomes

55
Q

There are three kidneys that formed during development. These are known as:

A

Pronephrol, mesonephrol, and mesonephrol

56
Q

This kidney is known as the head Kidney, it has open tubule which drain into the coelom.

It is also found on the 7th-10 somite level

A

Pronephrol

57
Q

This kidney functions briefly and is found on the 10-26th somite level.

It has closed tubules which connect to the glomerulus.

These tubules are retained to in the male for the reproductive system

A

Mesonephrol

58
Q

This kidney is found on the 26th to the 28th somite level.

Has around 2 million closed tubules.

Associated to renal pelvis

A

Metanephrol

59
Q

In bladder developmente the mesodermal mass divides the cloacal septum into two divisions. These are the :

A

Dorsal which forms the rectum

Ventral which forms the urinary bladder

60
Q

This structure is the neck that is continuous with the cloaca and becomes ligamentous when the bladder develops.

In the fetus in is known as the uracus.

In the adult it is known as the median umbilical ligament

A

Allantois

61
Q

This malformation is found in infants.

Most of the infants suffer early death and have spongy kidneys which are symmetrically enlarged

A

Type 1 Congenital Cystic Kidney

62
Q

This malformation is manifested in adults and present before birth.

Symptoms include low back pain and kidney infections

A

type 5 congenital cystic kidneys

63
Q

These tumors have many types of names and derive from the mesoderm. They also have a high growth rate.

A

Wilm’s tumors

64
Q

This system has its origins in the intermediate mesoderm.

Sex or germ cells from the yolk sac travel to the genital ridge to become primary sex cords and then develop undifferentiated gonads

A

The reproductive system

65
Q

The hormone associated with the differentiation of gonads is known as

A

TDF

66
Q

In the case of development of the reproductive system the male cortex regresses and the medulla develops. In females the cortex _____ and the medulla______

A

develops ; regresses

67
Q

Spermatoblasts are formed from the

A

Testes cords

68
Q

The female cords break up into these primordial follicles

A

Ooblasts and follicular cells

69
Q

The mesoneprhic ducts in the male reproductive system form the

A

epididymis and ductus deferens

70
Q

The paramesonephric ducts are y shaped and develop the

A

uterus and the vagina

71
Q

Ovarian hypoplasia that is bilateral.

Infertility

if hypoplasia is unilateral they are fertile

this congenital malformation is known as

A

Turners syndrome

72
Q

In this congenital malformation the person appears to be a female.

They have shallow vaginas and presence of testes in abdominal area

There body cells dont respond to testosterone and they are chromatin negative

A

Androgen insensitivity

73
Q

A female has masculinization of her genitals and has excessive androgen production.

This malformation is known as

A

Androgenital syndrome

74
Q

Blood cell development happens because of this layer

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

75
Q

These vessels return blood from the embryonic yolk sac

A

Vitelline vessels

76
Q

These vessel sbring blood from the placenta

A

umbilical veins

77
Q

These vessels return blood from the embryonic body

A

Cardinal veins

78
Q

Two endothelial tubes fuse to form a single tube. Later on, the ventricles of this organ are formed and grow much faster than do the atrium.

The ventricles then push the atrium portion of the organ up to the upper portion.

This is a rough description of the development of the

A

Heart

79
Q

The heart divides into ___ chambers

A

4

80
Q

In the atrium we have the 1st wall or the _______.

A

Septum primum

81
Q

The 1st opening in the septum primum is known as the

A

Ostium primum

82
Q

the secondary opening in the 1st wall is known as the

A

Ostium secundum

83
Q

The second wall of the atrial system is known as the

A

Septum secundum

84
Q

opening in septum secundum to communicate with ostium secundum also an interatrial shunt during development atria communicates with each other.

A

Oval foramen

85
Q

The contraction of the heart begins in the ___ day

A

22nd

86
Q

Shunts in the fetal pulmonary trunk that divert blood back to the aorta

A

Ductus arteriosus

87
Q

shunt in the fetal heart that causes oxygenated blood to bypass the fetus developing liver to reach the vena cava

A

Ductus venosus

88
Q

The great vessel is divided by spiral growth into these two other vessels

A

ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk

89
Q

Absence of the heart

A

Acardia

90
Q

Heart is located outside of the body

A

Ectopic cordis

91
Q

Heart is located in the right hemithorax

A

dextra cardia

92
Q

Dextra cardia with organs mirror image

A

situs inversus

93
Q

Malformation in which there can be a large hole in the atrium with a loud systolic murmur.

Causes cyanosis

A

Arterial septal defect

94
Q

This malformation has a hole in the ventricle system of the heart but causes no cyanosis

A

Ventricular septal defect

95
Q

An agent that produces a congenital malformation is known as a

A

Teratogen

96
Q

In etiology, Objective evidence of a diseases is known as a

A

Sign

97
Q

In etiology, the subjective evidence of a disease is known as

A

symptom

98
Q

In etiology, a set of symptoms and signs which occur together

A

Syndrome

99
Q

The study and cause of disease is known as

A

Etiology

100
Q

The nervous systems form between the ____ and ____ weeks

A

3rd and 7th

101
Q

The cardiac systems from between the ____ and ____ weeks

A

4th and 6th

102
Q

The ears form betwewn the ___ and _____ weeks

A

4th and 8th

103
Q

The eyes form between the ____ and ____ weeks

A

4th and 8th weeks

104
Q

the limbs form between the _____ and _____ weeks

A

4th and 7th weeks

105
Q

Chromosome disorder which could result from abnormal cell division that can happen in meiosis 1 and/or 2

This abnormal division may lead to an abnormal number of chromosomes

this is known as

A

Nondisjunction of chromosomes

106
Q

Also known as Down’s syndrome.

Patients have 47 (21) chromosomes

They usually exhibit hyperflexed joints, microcephaly, simian crease in the palmar surface of the hand, and have intellectual disability.

A

Trisomy 21

107
Q

Also known as edwards syndrome.

Patients have 47(18) of chromosomes

Failure to thrive is prevalent, have rocker bottom feet and flexion deformation of fingers

A

Trisomy 18

108
Q

A trisomy of this sex chromosome leads to scanty menses and many of the patient that exhibit it are fertile.

The cardiac and facial features are normal and the patient may appear normal

A

Trisomy of X

109
Q

Patient has 47 chromosomes

Sex chromosomes : XXY

They exhibit long legs in proportion to their trunk (abdomen)

Exhibit cryptorchism and are usually chromatin positive

A

Klinefelters syndrome

110
Q

As opposed to trisomy, this syndrome is known to be a monosomy of a sex chromosome.

Patient has 45 X0 or 45 X chromosomes

Exhibit short stature, webbed neck, skeletal deformation, some are fertile however they posses a lack of breast development

infantile external genitalia and are chromatin negative

A

Turners syndrome

111
Q

Cat eye syndrome :

Patient exhibits 46 chromosomes, anal atresia, and inferior coloboma (elongation of the pupil)

This type of chromosomal anomaly is known as

A

Addition of part chromosome

112
Q

When there is deletion of a part chromosome the infant exhibits high pitched crying, hypotonia and simian crease.

this syndrome is known as

A

Cri-du-chat

113
Q

This pathogen has the following effects on the mother: chicken pox and shingles

On the fetus: viremia

A

Varicella zoster

114
Q

This pathogen has the following maternal effects: vulvo vaginitis

on the fetus: fetal death, skin eruptions, calcification on the brain

A

Herpes

115
Q

This pathogen causes german measles on the mother and deafness or cataracts in the fetus/newborn

A

rubella

116
Q

this pathogen causes genital tract infection and formation of scar tissue in the uterine tubes of the mother

on the fetus it could cause infection of the conjunctiva

A

Gonorrhea

117
Q

This protozoa causes toxoplasmosis on the mother which could be asymptomatic

On the fetus, could cause abortion or mental retardation on the newborn

Could also cause calcification of the brain

A

Toxoplasma gondii

118
Q

Drugs for which studies have not shown risk to the fetus

A

Category A drugs

119
Q

Drugs with now human studies but animal studies have shown an effect on the fetus

A

Category B

120
Q

Drug studies are inadequate in both humans and animals to show an effect to the fetus

A

Category C

121
Q

Drugs that will cause harm to the fetus but benefits the mother

A

Category D

122
Q

Drugs that dont cause any harm to the mother but cause damage to the fetus

A

Category X

123
Q

These are the _____ of radiation:

production of free radicals

breakage of chemical bonds and production of new ones between macromolecules

Damage of DNA and RNA

A

Mechanisms of damage

Embryo (1 decks)

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