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HIstology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What type of surface epithelium is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous

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2
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Hairs of the nasal vestibule acting as a large particle filter

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3
Q

What acts as the medium particle filter?

A

Mucociliary apparatus (goblet and ciliated columnar cells)

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4
Q

What causes a stuffy nose?

A

Inflam–> incr blood volume and incr in size of lamina propria–>decr lumen size

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5
Q

What causes a runny nose?

A

Inflam–> incr blood volume–> incr oxygen that stimulates seromucus gland secretion

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6
Q

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

A

Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary sinuses

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7
Q

How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?

A

Sinal ostia

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8
Q

What is the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Respiratory

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9
Q

What exactly is respiratory epithelium?

A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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10
Q

What may be the cause of a sinus infection?

A

Combination of small ostia and swelling in the lamina propria–> blocked ostia

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11
Q

T/F: All three subdivisions of the pharynx have stratified squamous as the surface epithelium.

A

False: Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx-stratified squamous

Nasopharynx-respiratory w/ mucociliary clearance

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12
Q

Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?

A

Nasopharynx

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13
Q

What tonsils are present in the oropharynx?

A

Palatine and Lingual tonsils

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14
Q

Is there muscularis mucosa present in the pharynx?

A

No

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15
Q

What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?

A

The submucosa of the pharynx

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16
Q

What is special about the muscularis externa in the pharynx?

A 
All skeletal muscle
Reversed pattern (inner long. and outer circular)
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17
Q

What is the term for the adventitia of the pharynx?

A

Buccopharyngeal fascia

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18
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?

A

Respiratory

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19
Q

What is the likely function of the brush cells?

A

Possibly chemosensory

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20
Q

What type of glands are present in the lamina propria of the trachea?

A

Seromucus glands

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21
Q

T/F: The muscularis mucosa is absent in the trachea.

A

True

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22
Q

The individual trachealis muscles represent the __ ___ of the trachea.

A

Muscularis externa

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23
Q

What 2 things allow for the airways to completely close in an asthma attack?

A

Lack of cartilage

Complete layer of smooth muscle

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24
Q

What glands are absent in the bronchioles?

A

Seromucus glands

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25
Q

What is the epithelium type of the bronchioles?

A

Ciliated columnar w/ some goblet and Clara cells

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26
Q

What are Clara cells?

A

secretory cells w/ short microvilli that produce enzymes and a surfactant-type material

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27
Q

What is the 1st region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

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28
Q

What epithelial type is present in the respiratory bronchioles therefore making gas exchange possible?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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29
Q

What is the dominant cell type in the alveoli?

A

Type 1 pneumocyte

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30
Q

What is the function of Type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Gas exchange

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31
Q

What is the function of Type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Stem cell for Type 1 and Type 2,
produce pulmonary surfactant,
produce lysozyme

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32
Q

An alveolar macrophage, or dust cell, develops from what type of cell?

A

Monocytes

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33
Q

What is the region between 2 alveoli called?

A

Interalveolar Septum

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34
Q

What types of cells are found in the interalveolar septum?

A

Type 1 & Type 2 Pneumocytes

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35
Q

With chronic exposure to irritants and much coughing, patches of ___ ___ epithelium may develop, a process called ___.

A

Stratified squamous; metaplasia

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36
Q

T/F: Respiratory Distress of the Newborn can also be called Hyaline Membrane Disease.

A

True

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37
Q

What is the cause of RDS?

A

Not enough mature Alveolar Type 2 cells

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38
Q

Emphysema is due to a decrease in __.

A

Elastin

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39
Q

What is the largest salivary gland?

A

Parotid gland

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40
Q

Which gland produces the majority of the saliva?

A

Submandibular gland

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41
Q

What gland does the facial nerve pass thru?

A

Parotid gland

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42
Q

What is the smallest salivary gland?

A

Sublingual gland

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43
Q

T/F: The parotid gland produces only mucus.

A

False: only serous products

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44
Q

The __ gland produces mostly serous and the __ gland produces mostly mucus.

A

Submandibular-serous

Sublingual-mucus

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45
Q

Which glands have serous demilunes?

A

Submandibular gland, sublingual gland

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46
Q

T/F: Parasympathetic stimulation produces a more watery secretion but sympathetic stimulation produces a thicker secretion.

A

True

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47
Q

Meissner’s plexus is associated with what layer of the luminal wall?

A

Submucosa thus the submucosal plexus

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48
Q

Auerbach’s plexus is associated with which layer of the luminal wall?

A

Muscularis externa

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49
Q

What is the typical fiber orientation of the muscularis externa in the luminal wall?

A

Inner circular layer &

Outer longitudinal layer

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50
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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51
Q

Where do you find Langerhans cells in the esophagus?

A

Mucosa

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52
Q

Where do you find Esophageal Cardiac Glands and what is their product?

A

Near the pharynx and near the stomach; neutral mucus

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53
Q

What is the trend with the muscularis mucosae in the esophagus as you descend?

A

Thickened smooth muscle as it descends

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54
Q

Where do you find Esophageal Glands Proper and what do they produce?

A

All along the esophagus within the submucosa; slightly acidic mucus

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55
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?

A

Upper 1/3=all skeletal ms
Lower 1/3=all smooth ms
Everything between is a mix of both skel and smooth

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56
Q

Is there adventitia or serosa in the esophagus?

A

Mostly adventitia except the last 1-2 inches which is serosa

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57
Q

What are the 2 physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?

A

Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter

Gastroesophageal Sphincter

58
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of a physiological sphincter?

A

No thickening of circular muscle in ME

Pressure gradient aids movement

59
Q

What is the primary function of the stomach?

A

Storage

60
Q

What is the surface epithelium of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

61
Q

___ ___ cells produce a thick, visible mucus and also secrete bicarbonate ions within the stomach.

A

Surface mucus

62
Q

How many layers are there in the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?

A

3; Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outermost oblique

63
Q

Which layer of the stomach has the arteriovenous anastomosis and the Meissner’s Plexus?

A

Submucosa

64
Q

What are the layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?

A

Innermost oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

65
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus found in the stomach?

A

Between the circular and longitudinal layers of ME

66
Q

Are there chief cells found in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

No

67
Q

What 2 cells are found in the isthmus of the gastric gland?

A

Surface mucus cells

DNES cells

68
Q

Which type of DNES cell produces gastrin?

A

Type G DNES cells

69
Q

Where in the gastric gland do you find parietal cells?

A

Neck of gastric gland

70
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

HCl and Gastric Intrinsic factor

71
Q

Gastric Intrinsic factor is necessary for which vitamin’s absorption?

A

Vitamin B12

72
Q

Chronic gastritis can lead to what type of anemia due to a decrease in vitamin B12, which is needed for RBC maturation?

A

Pernicious anemia

73
Q

What do chief cells produce and where are they found in the gastric gland?

A

Chief cells produce pepsinogen & gastric lipase; found in the base of the gastric gland

74
Q

Is the pyloric sphincter an anatomical sphincter or a physiological sphincter?

A

Anatomical

75
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?

A

Well developed inner circular layer

This layer can be independently controlled

76
Q

What are the 3 surface adaptations of the small intestine that increase surface area?

A

Plicae circulares
Villa
Microvilli

77
Q

What is the surface epithelium found through most of the GI tract?

A

Simple columnar

78
Q

What is the purpose of the enterocytes found in the small intestine?

A

Absorb water and nutrients

79
Q

Type _ DNES cells produce cholecystokinin and Type S DNES cells produce __.

A

Type I=cholecystokinin

Type S=secretin

80
Q

Which type of DNES cell causes the gallbladder to contract?

A

Type I

81
Q

Which type of DNES cell stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts?

A

Type S

82
Q

___ cells, found only in the bases of crypts found throughout the small intestine, produce lysozyme.

A

Paneth

83
Q

What is the function of lacteals and where are they found?

A

Lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids found in the lamina propria of the small intestine

84
Q

What happens if the lacteals become irritated?

A

The villi will shorten and can lead to nutrient deficiency

85
Q

What glands are found in the submucosa of the duodenum?

A

Brunner’s glands

86
Q

What is the function of Brunner’s glands?

A

Produce alkaline mucus to neutralize chime

produce urogastrone to inhibit HCl secretion

87
Q

T/F: Peyer’s patches are found in the jejunum only.

A

False: Ileum has Peyers patches; jejunum has no special features

88
Q

In what parts of the small intestine do you find serosa? Adventitia?

A

Serosa: First and last part of duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Adventitia: Vertical portion of the duodenum

89
Q

What type of sphincter is the ileocecal valve?

A

Both

90
Q

Are there crypts present in the mucosa of the appendix?

A

Yes, short crypts

91
Q

T/F: There are no villi and no paneth cells found in the appendix.

A

True

92
Q

What are the 2 functions of the appendix?

A

Humoral immunity

Reservoir for good bacteria

93
Q

What is the primary function of the colon?

A

Absorption of water

94
Q

T/F: The mucosa of the colon lacks villi and paneths.

A

True

95
Q

What part of the muscularis externae is gathered into bands called taenia coli?

A

Outer longitudinal muscle

96
Q

What are the haustra coli?

A

Outpouchings of the colon b/c of the constant tonus of the taenia coli

97
Q

What parts of the colon have serosa?

A

Transverse and sigmoid colon; the rest is adventitia

98
Q

___ ___ are fat filled pouches created by serosa.

A

Appendices epiploicae

99
Q

What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A
  1. Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin

2. Helicobacter pylori

100
Q

What causes gastroesophageal reflux?

A

Stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus

101
Q

What is Barrett’s Esophagus?

A

Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium in a process called metaplasia. (Seen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease)

102
Q

What type of endothelium is present in the endocardium of the heart?

A

Simple squamous

103
Q

What are Purkinje Fibers?

A

Modified cardiac myocytes that contain stored glycogen and function to conduct contraction impulses rapidly.

104
Q

How do the atria differ from the ventricle structurally?

A

Atria has less muscle and more elastic fibers

105
Q

What are myoendocrine cells?

A

Specialized cardiac muscle cells that secrete hormones that act on the kidney and smooth muscle in arterioles

106
Q

What is the ultimate function of hormones released by the myoendocrine cells?

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance

Decrease blood pressure

107
Q

What makes up the serous pericardium?

A

Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)

Parietal Pericardium

108
Q

The Pericardial ___ is between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.

A

Cavity

109
Q

Where is the pericardial sac located?

A

Between the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium

110
Q

What are heart valves made up of?

A

Endothelium and dense irregular conn. tissue (collagen , elastic fibers)

111
Q

T/F: Heart valves are highly vascular.

A

False: Valves=avascular

112
Q

What are the 3 components of the cardiac skeleton?

A

Annuli fibrosis
trigonum fibrosum
septum membranaceum

113
Q

What type of tissue makes up chordae tendinae?

A

Dense regular conn tissue

114
Q

What is angina?

A

Chest pain usually brought on by exertion due to the narrowing of coronary vessels

115
Q

Infection in pericardial cavity leading to inflammation of the serous pericardium in a condition called ___.

A

Pericarditis

116
Q

The tunica intima is a continuation of the hearts ___.

A

Endocardium

117
Q

The tunica ___ is a continuation of the hearts myocardium.

A

media

118
Q

T/F: The tunica adventitia is a continuation of the hearts epicardium.

A

True

119
Q

Elastic arteries are also called ___ arteries.

A

conducting

120
Q

The outer portion of the tunica media contains the ___ ____.

A

vasa vasorum

121
Q

Muscular arteries are also called ___ arteries.

A

distributing

122
Q

What is the thickest part of muscular and elastic arteries?

A

Tunica media

123
Q

T/F: In arterioles, the lumen size is about equal to the width of the vessel wall.

A

True

124
Q

Hypertension can occur around 50 yrs of age due to a ___ in elastic fibers and a ___ in the amount of collagen 1.

A

Decr in elastic fibers

Incr in collagen 1

125
Q

Atherosclerosis typically occurs in what size arteries?

A

The largest

126
Q

Metarterioles lack a true tunica ___.

A

Media

127
Q

What is an AVA?

A

(Arteriovenous anastomosis) a shunt to by pass the capillary bed

128
Q

What is the most common capillary type?

A

Continuous capillaries

129
Q

What do pericytes function in?

A

Healing, regulate blood flow

130
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils allowing for greater movement of molecules and cells

131
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries differ from fenestrated capillaries in that it has no __ ___.

A

Protein diaphragm

132
Q

What are the 4 differences between veins and arteries?

A

Not as uniform as arteries
More numerous than arteries
Larger diameter than arteries
Possess valves

133
Q

What are the 2 functions of valves?

A

Prevent backflow

Work w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

134
Q

Post capillary venules only have a tunica ___.

A

intima

135
Q

Collecting venules have which two tunics present?

A

Tunica intima and tunica adventitia

136
Q

What is unique about the tunica media in muscular venules?

A

It’s an incomplete layer of smooth muscle, allowing for products of inflammation to squeeze thru. (Leaky venules)

137
Q

What are the only 2 structures of the circulatory system affected by inflammation?

A

Capillaries and venules

138
Q

When in the venous system do we finally see a complete tunica media?

A

Small veins

139
Q

What is the thickest portion making up medium veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

140
Q

The superficial veins of the ___ have a well developed tunica media.

A

leg

141
Q

T/F: Pulmonary veins have a well developed tunica media and some cardiac muscle in the tunica adventitia as it gets closer to the heart.

A

True

HIstology (1 decks)

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