Final Exam Flashcards
What type of surface epithelium is present in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?
Keratinized stratified squamous
What are vibrissae?
Hairs of the nasal vestibule acting as a large particle filter
What acts as the medium particle filter?
Mucociliary apparatus (goblet and ciliated columnar cells)
What causes a stuffy nose?
Inflam–> incr blood volume and incr in size of lamina propria–>decr lumen size
What causes a runny nose?
Inflam–> incr blood volume–> incr oxygen that stimulates seromucus gland secretion
What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?
Ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxillary sinuses
How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?
Sinal ostia
What is the epithelium of the paranasal sinuses?
Respiratory
What exactly is respiratory epithelium?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What may be the cause of a sinus infection?
Combination of small ostia and swelling in the lamina propria–> blocked ostia
T/F: All three subdivisions of the pharynx have stratified squamous as the surface epithelium.
False: Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx-stratified squamous
Nasopharynx-respiratory w/ mucociliary clearance
Where are the pharyngeal tonsils located?
Nasopharynx
What tonsils are present in the oropharynx?
Palatine and Lingual tonsils
Is there muscularis mucosa present in the pharynx?
No
What is the pharyngobasilar fascia?
The submucosa of the pharynx
What is special about the muscularis externa in the pharynx?
All skeletal muscle Reversed pattern (inner long. and outer circular)
What is the term for the adventitia of the pharynx?
Buccopharyngeal fascia
What is the surface epithelium of the trachea?
Respiratory
What is the likely function of the brush cells?
Possibly chemosensory
What type of glands are present in the lamina propria of the trachea?
Seromucus glands
T/F: The muscularis mucosa is absent in the trachea.
True
The individual trachealis muscles represent the __ ___ of the trachea.
Muscularis externa
What 2 things allow for the airways to completely close in an asthma attack?
Lack of cartilage
Complete layer of smooth muscle
What glands are absent in the bronchioles?
Seromucus glands
What is the epithelium type of the bronchioles?
Ciliated columnar w/ some goblet and Clara cells
What are Clara cells?
secretory cells w/ short microvilli that produce enzymes and a surfactant-type material
What is the 1st region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system?
Respiratory bronchioles
What epithelial type is present in the respiratory bronchioles therefore making gas exchange possible?
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the dominant cell type in the alveoli?
Type 1 pneumocyte
What is the function of Type 1 pneumocytes?
Gas exchange
What is the function of Type 2 pneumocytes?
Stem cell for Type 1 and Type 2,
produce pulmonary surfactant,
produce lysozyme
An alveolar macrophage, or dust cell, develops from what type of cell?
Monocytes
What is the region between 2 alveoli called?
Interalveolar Septum
What types of cells are found in the interalveolar septum?
Type 1 & Type 2 Pneumocytes
With chronic exposure to irritants and much coughing, patches of ___ ___ epithelium may develop, a process called ___.
Stratified squamous; metaplasia
T/F: Respiratory Distress of the Newborn can also be called Hyaline Membrane Disease.
True
What is the cause of RDS?
Not enough mature Alveolar Type 2 cells
Emphysema is due to a decrease in __.
Elastin
What is the largest salivary gland?
Parotid gland
Which gland produces the majority of the saliva?
Submandibular gland
What gland does the facial nerve pass thru?
Parotid gland
What is the smallest salivary gland?
Sublingual gland
T/F: The parotid gland produces only mucus.
False: only serous products
The __ gland produces mostly serous and the __ gland produces mostly mucus.
Submandibular-serous
Sublingual-mucus
Which glands have serous demilunes?
Submandibular gland, sublingual gland
T/F: Parasympathetic stimulation produces a more watery secretion but sympathetic stimulation produces a thicker secretion.
True
Meissner’s plexus is associated with what layer of the luminal wall?
Submucosa thus the submucosal plexus
Auerbach’s plexus is associated with which layer of the luminal wall?
Muscularis externa
What is the typical fiber orientation of the muscularis externa in the luminal wall?
Inner circular layer &
Outer longitudinal layer
What is the surface epithelium of the esophagus?
Stratified squamous
Where do you find Langerhans cells in the esophagus?
Mucosa
Where do you find Esophageal Cardiac Glands and what is their product?
Near the pharynx and near the stomach; neutral mucus
What is the trend with the muscularis mucosae in the esophagus as you descend?
Thickened smooth muscle as it descends
Where do you find Esophageal Glands Proper and what do they produce?
All along the esophagus within the submucosa; slightly acidic mucus
What is unique about the muscularis externa in the esophagus?
Upper 1/3=all skeletal ms
Lower 1/3=all smooth ms
Everything between is a mix of both skel and smooth
Is there adventitia or serosa in the esophagus?
Mostly adventitia except the last 1-2 inches which is serosa
What are the 2 physiological sphincters associated with the esophagus?
Pharyngoesophageal Sphincter
Gastroesophageal Sphincter
What are the 2 characteristics of a physiological sphincter?
No thickening of circular muscle in ME
Pressure gradient aids movement
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage
What is the surface epithelium of the stomach?
Simple columnar
___ ___ cells produce a thick, visible mucus and also secrete bicarbonate ions within the stomach.
Surface mucus
How many layers are there in the muscularis mucosae of the stomach?
3; Inner circular
Outer longitudinal
Outermost oblique
Which layer of the stomach has the arteriovenous anastomosis and the Meissner’s Plexus?
Submucosa
What are the layers of the muscularis externa of the stomach?
Innermost oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal
Where is the myenteric plexus found in the stomach?
Between the circular and longitudinal layers of ME
Are there chief cells found in the cardiac region of the stomach?
No
What 2 cells are found in the isthmus of the gastric gland?
Surface mucus cells
DNES cells
Which type of DNES cell produces gastrin?
Type G DNES cells
Where in the gastric gland do you find parietal cells?
Neck of gastric gland
What do parietal cells produce?
HCl and Gastric Intrinsic factor
Gastric Intrinsic factor is necessary for which vitamin’s absorption?
Vitamin B12
Chronic gastritis can lead to what type of anemia due to a decrease in vitamin B12, which is needed for RBC maturation?
Pernicious anemia
What do chief cells produce and where are they found in the gastric gland?
Chief cells produce pepsinogen & gastric lipase; found in the base of the gastric gland
Is the pyloric sphincter an anatomical sphincter or a physiological sphincter?
Anatomical
What are the 2 characteristics of an anatomical sphincter?
Well developed inner circular layer
This layer can be independently controlled
What are the 3 surface adaptations of the small intestine that increase surface area?
Plicae circulares
Villa
Microvilli
What is the surface epithelium found through most of the GI tract?
Simple columnar
What is the purpose of the enterocytes found in the small intestine?
Absorb water and nutrients
Type _ DNES cells produce cholecystokinin and Type S DNES cells produce __.
Type I=cholecystokinin
Type S=secretin
Which type of DNES cell causes the gallbladder to contract?
Type I
Which type of DNES cell stimulates pancreas secretion of bicarbonate from the pancreatic ducts?
Type S
___ cells, found only in the bases of crypts found throughout the small intestine, produce lysozyme.
Paneth
What is the function of lacteals and where are they found?
Lymphatic capillaries that absorb lipids found in the lamina propria of the small intestine
What happens if the lacteals become irritated?
The villi will shorten and can lead to nutrient deficiency
What glands are found in the submucosa of the duodenum?
Brunner’s glands
What is the function of Brunner’s glands?
Produce alkaline mucus to neutralize chime
produce urogastrone to inhibit HCl secretion
T/F: Peyer’s patches are found in the jejunum only.
False: Ileum has Peyers patches; jejunum has no special features
In what parts of the small intestine do you find serosa? Adventitia?
Serosa: First and last part of duodenum, jejunum and ileum
Adventitia: Vertical portion of the duodenum
What type of sphincter is the ileocecal valve?
Both
Are there crypts present in the mucosa of the appendix?
Yes, short crypts
T/F: There are no villi and no paneth cells found in the appendix.
True
What are the 2 functions of the appendix?
Humoral immunity
Reservoir for good bacteria
What is the primary function of the colon?
Absorption of water
T/F: The mucosa of the colon lacks villi and paneths.
True
What part of the muscularis externae is gathered into bands called taenia coli?
Outer longitudinal muscle
What are the haustra coli?
Outpouchings of the colon b/c of the constant tonus of the taenia coli
What parts of the colon have serosa?
Transverse and sigmoid colon; the rest is adventitia
___ ___ are fat filled pouches created by serosa.
Appendices epiploicae
What are the two general causes of peptic ulcer disease?
- Insufficient protection from HCl and pepsin
2. Helicobacter pylori
What causes gastroesophageal reflux?
Stomach chyme backing up into the lower esophagus
What is Barrett’s Esophagus?
Mucus-secreting simple columnar epithelium replaces the normal stratified squamous epithelium in a process called metaplasia. (Seen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease)
What type of endothelium is present in the endocardium of the heart?
Simple squamous
What are Purkinje Fibers?
Modified cardiac myocytes that contain stored glycogen and function to conduct contraction impulses rapidly.
How do the atria differ from the ventricle structurally?
Atria has less muscle and more elastic fibers
What are myoendocrine cells?
Specialized cardiac muscle cells that secrete hormones that act on the kidney and smooth muscle in arterioles
What is the ultimate function of hormones released by the myoendocrine cells?
Fluid and electrolyte balance
Decrease blood pressure
What makes up the serous pericardium?
Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)
Parietal Pericardium
The Pericardial ___ is between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium.
Cavity
Where is the pericardial sac located?
Between the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium
What are heart valves made up of?
Endothelium and dense irregular conn. tissue (collagen , elastic fibers)
T/F: Heart valves are highly vascular.
False: Valves=avascular
What are the 3 components of the cardiac skeleton?
Annuli fibrosis
trigonum fibrosum
septum membranaceum
What type of tissue makes up chordae tendinae?
Dense regular conn tissue
What is angina?
Chest pain usually brought on by exertion due to the narrowing of coronary vessels
Infection in pericardial cavity leading to inflammation of the serous pericardium in a condition called ___.
Pericarditis
The tunica intima is a continuation of the hearts ___.
Endocardium
The tunica ___ is a continuation of the hearts myocardium.
media
T/F: The tunica adventitia is a continuation of the hearts epicardium.
True
Elastic arteries are also called ___ arteries.
conducting
The outer portion of the tunica media contains the ___ ____.
vasa vasorum
Muscular arteries are also called ___ arteries.
distributing
What is the thickest part of muscular and elastic arteries?
Tunica media
T/F: In arterioles, the lumen size is about equal to the width of the vessel wall.
True
Hypertension can occur around 50 yrs of age due to a ___ in elastic fibers and a ___ in the amount of collagen 1.
Decr in elastic fibers
Incr in collagen 1
Atherosclerosis typically occurs in what size arteries?
The largest
Metarterioles lack a true tunica ___.
Media
What is an AVA?
(Arteriovenous anastomosis) a shunt to by pass the capillary bed
What is the most common capillary type?
Continuous capillaries
What do pericytes function in?
Healing, regulate blood flow
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Pores with thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils allowing for greater movement of molecules and cells
Sinusoidal capillaries differ from fenestrated capillaries in that it has no __ ___.
Protein diaphragm
What are the 4 differences between veins and arteries?
Not as uniform as arteries
More numerous than arteries
Larger diameter than arteries
Possess valves
What are the 2 functions of valves?
Prevent backflow
Work w/ skeletal muscle to keep blood moving
Post capillary venules only have a tunica ___.
intima
Collecting venules have which two tunics present?
Tunica intima and tunica adventitia
What is unique about the tunica media in muscular venules?
It’s an incomplete layer of smooth muscle, allowing for products of inflammation to squeeze thru. (Leaky venules)
What are the only 2 structures of the circulatory system affected by inflammation?
Capillaries and venules
When in the venous system do we finally see a complete tunica media?
Small veins
What is the thickest portion making up medium veins?
Tunica adventitia
The superficial veins of the ___ have a well developed tunica media.
leg
T/F: Pulmonary veins have a well developed tunica media and some cardiac muscle in the tunica adventitia as it gets closer to the heart.
True
