Final Exam Flashcards
Unregulated cell division leads to what?
Cancer
Abnormal cell growth is controlled by what genes?
Protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
Proteins form these genes control cell growth and differntiation. If mutated they become known as oncogenes.
Protooncogenes
These genes control unregulated progression through the cell cycle. Loss of function of these genes predisposes cells to cancer.
Tumor suppressor genes
What are the two theories of cancer?
Clonal evolution model and the stem cell theory
This theory of cancer believes that a tumor develops from a single mutated cell and that every mutated cell has the potential to develop another tumor.
Clonal evolution model
What is the stepwise process of cancer development?
Initiation, Promotion, Progression, and Metastasis
Self sufficient growth signals, ignoring of anti-growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, limitless replication potential, angiogenesis, reprogramming of energy metabolism, evasion of immune destruction, and metastasis are all considered to be what?
The Hallmarks of Cancer
This process is due to injury or disease. Cells increase in size and lyse. Intracellular contents are inflammatory.
Necrosis
During this process cells shrink in size, plasma membrane buds off (blebs), phosphatidylserine moves from the inner to outer leaflet, mitochondria release cytochrome c, chromatin in the nucleus condenses and cells are finally engulfed by the macrophages. Another name for this is programmed cell death
Apoptosis
This is a specialized white blood cell that engulfs foreign invaders and cells that are no longer needed.
Macrophages
Macrophages bind to ____ on the apoptotic cell, internalizing and degrading the cell, preventing ____
Phosphatidylserine, Inflammation
This state occurs when the number of cells is relatively constant due to cell replication and cell death.
Homeostasis
Apoptosis is internally initiated by the insertion of what protein into the mitochondrial membrane?
Bax
After binding of Bax to the mitochondrial membrane within the cell this molecule triggers apoptosome complex in the cytoplasm, which leads to a caspase cascade to destroy protein and DNA.
Cytochrome C
Apoptosis is externally initiated by what?
Death receptors
In the initiation of apoptosis by an external signal, ____ ligand binds to its respective death receptor, thereby recruiting ____. The recruiting of these domains activate procaspase ___ to caspase ___.
Fas, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), 8, 8.
These three components make up the death inducing signaling complex when apoptosis is initiated by an external signal?
Fas receptor, FADD, and caspase 8.
These are proteases that mainly function during apoptosis.
Caspases
Which caspases are initiator caspases?
Caspases 2, 8, 9, and 10
Which caspases are effector caspases?
Caspases 3, 6, and 7
What proteins compose the prosurvival (antiapoptotic) proteins?
Members of Bcl-2 family (the BAD proteins)
What proteins compose the prodeath (apoptotic) proteins?
Bak and Bax proteins
What are some neurodegenerative diseases in which apoptosis is no longer working?
- Schizophrenia (altered neuronal apoptosis)
- Dementia and Alzheimer’s (localized apoptosis)